Indlela ubhalo zokufunda: inyathelo ngu step guide

Ngokusekelwe iifomu kunye nemithetho zokucinga, indlela ingqiqo kuquka iindlela neendlela kophando kunye ingcaciso. Ingasetyenziswa ibhekiselwe ekufundweni ezahlukahlukeneyo lwamacandelo. indlela dialectics ubhalo ingqamana izinto kwi ngobhalo ulwazi, sesikweni, umzekelo, indlela ekhethekileyo kuphuhliso ubunyani omthetho, kunye namanye amacandelo amaninzi ulwazi.

ilungelo

Ngenxa iimpawu zayo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezakhono, umhlaba esemthethweni evumayo kakhulu ukuba isicelo kunye nokusetyenziswa ekuqiqeni. Ngokuba apha kukho ngokusesikweni echazwe inkqubo, ifane kwaye ibe ngqongqo esingatshintshiyo, esiquka okuninzi zegama isicwangciso lowiso, ehambelana imithetho yokuseka ngokoMthetho (ngokusebenzisa sodidi elikufutshane, iintlobo, umahluko, ukuzimisela yemfuza, ngenxa inkcazelo imiyalelo njalo njalo), indlela ubhalo kummandla umthetho iyazibonakalisa ngokupheleleyo ngokwayo. Wonke umthetho ekuqiqeni - kunye eziphikisanayo yesazisi, isizathu ngokwaneleyo, ngaphandle wesithathu - ibonisa iimpawu eziphambili le ndlela. iinkqubo eziphambili kunye nemigaqo (ikakhulu ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunye neenkqubo ezenza-mthetho) zakhelwe ngokungqongqo iintlobo yokucinga - imigaqo intelekelelo yokusebenza, izigwebo, ingqiqo.

Indlela ubhalo lisetyenziswa kwi kwinqanaba le iinkcazelo eziphambili: norm yomthetho - isigwebo ukuba uyahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno umgwebo ngokubanzi, kwaye isicelo yomthetho, ukuba kukho imeko okanye umntu othile - a syllogism, oko kukuthi, yokuqiqa kwalo, apho ulawulo lomthetho - le ndawo iphambili, le ingqalelo kwimeko - ukuthumela i ezincinane kwaye isigqibo kwityala kuphothulwe. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo abhalwe yokugcina umthetho mfanekiso, iindlela zobungqina kunye logic imisebenzi. Sebenzisa indlela ubhalo zokufunda kwisifundo kwaye inkcazo womda kuyimfuneko. Indlela kuphela kukuzama ukuphepha kuphikisana kwisakhiwo yowiso inkqubo esebenzayo yomthetho, apho umthetho entle (okhoyo) ekuvunyelwene ngazo zonke iimfuno zendalo, ngokunjalo ukuba abe nako ukusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo imigangatho zomthetho.

iindlela Common enengqondo: Uhlalutyo

Kukho ezwi, uhlalutyo, idealization, ukutsalwa, imali ebanjwayo, gabalala, Isifaniso, induction, ucikizeko, kunye ezenziwe hypothesis phakathi iindlela ubhalo ulwazi iinkqubo ngezimanga, ihlabathi kwinjongo izinto.

Indoda iqala indlela ubhalo uphando (ulwazi) kunye nophononongo, oko kukuthi, kunye neeshedyuli, uhlahlelo, asike yento wafundela. Le ndlela livalelwe izinto ngengqondo okanye nezenziwayo ulinganiso Ukwakhiwa - iimpawu, iimpawu, iindawo zezakhiwo, emva koko element ngayinye kufuneka isifundo eyahlukileyo njengenxalenye lonke. Uhlaziyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeka into oluthile phantsi ukufunda. inzululwazi Modern sithabathela Uhlalutyo wezemisebenzi - indlela ukuya into phantsi isifundo njengoko inkqubo eququzelelweyo, apho izinto zinenjongo kwaye ngokulungelelanisiweyo eqhagamshelana kwaye zichaphazela nganye nenye.

iindlela Uhlalutyo ubhalo iquka indlela methodological ukuya iziqhamo umsebenzi kwengqondo, oko kukuthi, ukufunda ulwazi abantu, zonke iintlobo zayo kunye neendidi, kunye nolwazi va ngolwimi zendalo kunye neendlela ngumntu, esekelwe kwimithetho ekuqiqeni. Umzekelo, ngokufundisisa uluntu njengenkqubo ngokubanzi, uhlalutyo ngendlela yohlulwe iinkalo kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, yokuziphatha, ezomthetho, nezinto ezinjengezo, apho zonke iinkalo kwimpilo nokuphila liphandisisiwe ngokwahlukeneyo. Indlela ubhalo kolwazi ngohlalutyo utyhila izinto kwesakhiwo - iintlobo, iintlobo, imigangatho yolwazi eyenzelwe itekisi ethile. Okulandelayo wabeka ubudlelwane babo, inyaniso okanye falsity iingxelo, icacise izixhobo ingqiqo ukuba liphumeza ulwazi, eyasekwa wihi, efanayo kunye nokunyaniseka kolwazi.

yokuqaphela

Yolungelelwaniso - yinxalenye yophando, ngaphandle apho kungekho ndlela zesakhiwo enengqondo. Ngokusebenzisa intlaka yokuhlanganisa iminombo lonke ulwazi ezikhoyo kudityaniswe ibe yonke. Kukho regularities zomthetho kunye nemithetho zisekwe ngokusekelwe kuphando buqu, zonke postulates e-worldwork theory jikelele karhulumente kunye nomthetho, ngokunjalo naphakathi kwamasebe ezizodwa kunye theory zomthetho zesebe.

Ngokwenene umntu ukucinga usoloko usebenzisa iindlela ubhalo, yaye uhlahlelo kunye kuyondelelaniswe zisoloko zihlobene. Isenokuba kuphawulwe ngexesha elifanayo zohlalutyo kunye zokwenziwa indlela yokucinga igqwetha elungileyo - iGqwetha, igqwetha, umgwebi, umcuphi. umsebenzi Professional, umzekelo, nabagwebi ngokuqinisekileyo lunika uhlalutyo zonke izinto ezingenisiweyo enkundleni, koko ngokusekelwe izifundo ukuba uyifundile kwaye wamphulaphula, yahlanganiswa umfanekiso-ngqondweni opheleleyo ityala. Ngaloo ndlela kokuxhomekeka uhlahlelo kunye kuyondelelaniswe kunceda yokuziphatha echanekileyo cala kweli tyala.

yokwakha

ubuchule jikelele ukuhlakanipha zenzululwazi nga kuxhaswa yokutsala (ukukhupha), nto leyo yinkqubo ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kwiipropati jikelele okanye ethile ezithile, ubudlelwane, iimpawu zesifundo phantsi sifundo, njengoko kungoku nje bamele umdla ethile. Aristotle - umsunguli lwengqiqo kokukhupha ananzi -traktoval njengenkqubo yokuzahlula zonke ngengozi kunye yesibini iyonke kunye oyintloko. Ngoku ukusetyenziswa elide kuba banzi kakhulu. Le ndlela yenzululwazi kunye ubhalo kwi yemihla ngemihla, ulwazi lwezenzululwazi, kwaye algorithm, kwaye umyalelo inkqubo ngokuvumelana imithetho yokutsala kwesiphazamiso, ingaba ulwakhiwo bezinto abstract ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Undoqo yale ndlela ayikho elula njengoko kubonakala. Okokuqala kuyimfuneko, kanye kwakhona, isifundo eneenkcukacha into yokwenene, nesenzeko okanye inkqubo, imkhethela ngaphandle kuso ezahlukahlukeneyo iimpawu, iimpawu, iimpawu, waza wabatshayela bucala zonke izikolo ezizisekondari.

Le yinkqubo yokufunda isiphumo. Oko kukuthi, inkqubo yophando - isifundo nokuhlalisana izinto, kwaye injongo kukuba ukuchonga iimpawu ezithile. Isiphumo efanayo - ulwazi olufundwe kwiindidi, ingqiqo, iingcinga, izimvo, iingcamango, imithetho. Umzekelo, logic usenokungayiphulaphuli iimpawu ezingabalulekanga umntu xa befunda indlela yokucinga ngamnye, kwaye ngokubanzi eziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izifundo, sithabathela ingqalelo. A igqwetha, umzekelo, ukucinga kulawulwa nezithethe zomthetho, ngoko ke kutsalwa ukusuka zonke iintlobo ekubonakalisweni yobudlelwane kunye noluntu, kwaye uhlola zomthetho ikakhulu, t. E. Kuphela oko ugunyazisiwe kwaye kulawulwa ngumthetho.

idealization

Olu hlobo yokutsala kunceda ukudala izinto ezifanelekileyo. Ingcamango into enezigaba yohlukile kwezinye iikhonsepthi kunye iimpawu yokwenyani into ziyanakanwa kwaye abo bakude iipropati kanye ngendlela esulungekileyo kwizifundo uvavanyo akazange okwangoku onke. idealization le ndlela zenzululwazi namhlanje izinto senkolelo kunceda ukwakha nokuqiqa kwaye izigqibo ezinxulumene nezifundo ngokwenene okhoyo. Eli gama lisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezimbini - njengenkqubo yaye ngenxa yoko, nayo efana kakhulu indlela uhlalutyo. Ixabiso lokuqala aqondwe idealization engqondweni into enezigaba wadala xa uyila okucingelwayo yengxoxo, ngamanye iimeko phantsi kwayo linokuchazwa yaye wachaza into okunene ikhona.

Ngenxa yale nkqubo kukho imiba yengxoxo kunye nemithetho, leyo ibizwa ngokuba owakha ubhalo. Njengoko umzekelo into enezigaba ingabangela ingqikelelo kolawulo lomthetho. Ingcinga ukho, kodwa ulawulo lomthetho kwifomu apho ukuba luqondwa ngokuqhelekileyo, ayikho okwangoku. Noko ke, amagqwetha usebenzisa lo mba ukwakha iingxoxo kunye nezigqibo eziphathelele imisebenzi amaqumrhu bokwenene-hlabathi ezithile, ezifana uthi, ngezizathu ukuba ulawulo lomthetho lokuba: amalungelo oluntu ezingundoqo ngokomgaqo ngokusemthethweni, imithetho ezikhoyo kurhulumente kunye nobomi yoluntu, ubuntu akhuselekile ngokusemthethweni, njalo njalo.

Gabalala, yoqheliso ebanjwayo

Ngoko ke inkqubo ye gabalala kuyilwa engqinelanayo yeengcinga, iingcamango ikufundisayo. Le ndlela ulwazi lomthetho mbi ngohlobo nentetho equkayo, ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo amava obungcali kwiimeko ezithile, ngendlela yokudala theory zomthetho yi gabalala yeengcingane zokwakha eziluncedo nokuphunyezwa umsebenzi osemthethweni, ngokohlobo kushishino ukugwegweleza theory somgaqo-mthetho.

Yoqheliso Isixa iindlela ulwazi ubhalo ezisetyenziswa izigqibo uphendlo evela data igalelo. Zombini iindlela kunjalo edityaniswe: Isixa kunceda ukwenza izigqibo ukusuka yeengcingane nezimvo, imithetho, imigaqo, njengokuba kubhaliwe edibene songqamaniso into enezigaba, kwaye yoqheliso lushwankathela regularities enokwehla. Ulwazi leyo ziveliswa induction, kufuneka kuqala kuphela ukuvela ulwazi olutsha - zokwalatha, nto leyo esele ekubeni sisizathu inyaniso buso.

Lo mfanekiso, kwizigqibo ezenziwe

Isifaniso - enye ndlela isebenzayo yenkqubo kwengqondo. Ngoncedo lwezona ezinkulu ziye zenziwa. Umongo ke ukuba iimpawu kunye neempawu ezithile batshintshelwa ukusuka into enye ukuya kwenye isifundo ngendlela efanayo ubudlelwane kokufuduswa kwaye uqhagamshelwano phakathi omnye kunye nezinye iiseti izinto.

Kwinkcazo - uhlobo yoqheliso gabalala mfanekiso, le ndlela lisetyenziswa phantse zonke zenzululwazi. iimpawu qualitative ukwandiswa ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye into, ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuya elizayo langoku ukuya kwixesha elizayo, iimpawu ubuninzi batshintshelwa ngendlela enye, ezinye indawo lobungcaphephe equalized kunye nezinye ezifana indlela induction izibalo umzekelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, indlela ezenziwe isetyenziswa ukuze liqikelele isizathu ulwazi transfer kwezinye iinkalo zezifundo. Amagqwetha isifaniso lomthetho kunye Isifaniso komthetho.

Ukulinganisa hypothesis

Nokumodela kwinzululwazi mihla isetyenziswa ixakeke kakhulu ukufumana iindlela ukufumana iziphumo zenzululwazi yakutshanje. Undoqo yale ndlela ekwakhiweni umfuziselo ufunda izinto zentlalo okanye yendalo. Phantsi umfuziselo lowo yamkelwe ukuqonda okuninzi, kunokuba: indlela analog, uhlobo inkqubo, ithiyori, umbono ihlabathi, ukutolikwa algorithm kwakunye nokunye okuninzi. Ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukufunda ngqo into, imodeli ekhuthaza endaweni ukulingiswa yoqobo. Umzekelo, umfuniselo yophando.

A hypothesis (hypothesis), njengokuba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo intsingiselo ulwazi eziyingxaki okanye ingcamango ukudibanisa isethi lwazi nenkqubo yabo. amanyathelo omthetho isebenzisa hypothesis kuzo zonke neentsingiselo zawo: yakhiwe guess njengobungqina into ethile, nesenzeko okanye inkqubo, ngokuphathelele oonobangela iingxaki kunye noqikelelo olumalunga elizayo. Idatha efanayo kunga inani yeengcinga, ebizwa njalo-uguqulelo a eziphathekayo. Sebenzisa le ndlela ukwenzela uphando lwasenkundleni.

indlela esemthethweni-ubhalo

Ulwazi iinyaniso imveliso sivavanywe kuyanceda ukufumana imithetho ekuqiqeni esesikweni. iinyaniso Ngaphambili lusekiwe, ezo isiseko sokufunyanisiweyo, ayifuni ufikelelo namava kwimeko ethile nganye, njengoko ulwazi afunyenwe isicelo imithetho kunye nemithetho zeengcinga. iindlela ubhalo zophando ziquka zombini logic zomthonyama kunye zemathematika.

Okokuqala ukufumana iziphumo ezintsha isebenzisa kuhlalutywe, kuyondelelaniswe, induction, imali ebanjwayo, ukutsalwa, iinkcukacha, kunye Isifaniso nokuthelekisa. A zemathematika, ekwabizwa ngokuba logic fanekisela isebenza iingxaki logic iindlela ezisesikweni ngqongqo asetyenziswa kwimathematika. ulwimi ifomula Special uyakwazi ukuchaza ngokwaneleyo ubungqina ubhalo kunye nesakhiwo nokwakha theory ngamandla kwaye ngqo, nokusebenzisa izigwebo inkcazo kwandise lwabo - nenkcazelo yokuqiqa.

indlela yembali

iindlela ihluke uphando kusetyenziselwa ukwakha ulwazi theoretical component izinto asakhulayo kunye nezintsonkothileyo ukuba ayikwazi idlalwe yi amava. Umzekelo, indalo. Indlela ukubona lasungulwa, imvelaphi lweentlobo kunye ukuvela yendoda? Apha ukunceda iindlela zembali ubhalo lwe kwingqiqo. Indlela yembali yokucinga ukuba angene kwi ibali nabo ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela zayo, ukuchonga iziganeko zembali kunye nasengqondweni ukuvelisa inkqubo zembali, ebonisa indlela ubhalo zophuhliso.

ngqiqo inye chonga iipateni nangayiphi na enye indlela. Akukho mfuneko ukuhlolisisa ngqo inkqubela kwembali yokwenene, Yena utyhila yinyani zophononongo yenkqubo yezembali kumanqanaba aphezulu ophuhliso, apho zixinaniswe iphinde izivelise kwakhona isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza chavelela ngembali iimpawu ezininzi ezingundoqo. Le ndlela ulungile eziphilayo, nto leyo iyaphindwa ontogeny of phylogeny. Kunye neendlela zembali ubhalo zikho njengoko iindlela yokwakha ulwazi onombono theoretical component.