Alkadienes - abangabameli ngokuqhelekileyo hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes ye kwifomula eziya kwahluka kwinani athom hydrogen ezi hydrocarbon. Cinga iimpawu kwiklasi nganye, uhlobo hybridization, iipropati uphawu.

paraffins

hydrocarbon igcwaliswe le jikelele formula C _n H _{2n + 2.} Bonke ubuhlobo phakathi athom yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon olulodwa. Ukuba indlela eyohlula hydrogen mnye, alkane aguqulwa kwisuntswana esebenzayo - olukhulu. Amalungu lokuqala kukho izinto sukube leyo ngokonga enyibilikayo emanzini.

Ngenxa yokwanda kwenani carbon ye ukunyibilika izinciphiso kwikhonkco engundoqo, niwele ke hydrocarbon kwimeko esiqinileyo aggregate phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

Phakathi iipropati yemichiza ezinkulu ezendeleyo abameli kule klasi, yindlela esiwaphawula endaweni. Ngenxa yokuba zonke unxibelelwano ifumile, uqhagamshelo ngenxa alkanes uncharacteristically. Njengazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo, alkanes basabela kunye oksijini (yokutsha), ngenxa apho amandla uyakhululwa. Le nkqubo endothermic, isetyenziswa kwimveliso ubilisa kwiindawo ezihlala abantu nezoshishino.

cycloalkanes

Olona phawu yale yeklasi iimolekyuli kuba phambi isakhiwo evaliweyo. Le ndlela yokubala jikelele hydrocarbon loo le fomu C _n H _2n. Xa sijonga isakhiwo othile eklasini, ukuba luphawulwa sokungamelani kufakwe kwi-chain ecaleni, kunye hydrogen Ukongeza, nto leyo sikhatshwa kumjikelo kwintshabalalo.

alkenes

Xa series homologous le formula jikelele ethylene unalo _2n Ifom C _n H _{+ 2.} Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo hydrocarbon (naphthenes) kandziyisa ubukho ibhondi kabini phakathi atom carbon. KwePi-bond luqokelelane ngenxa ukungqubana the non-gqith p-orbitals ezimbini athom carbon ezikufutshane.

Inika nje phambi carbon uhlobo hybridization e alkenes, kodwa iimpawu yemichiza uphawu onke amalungu ale eklasi ye-oganikhi khompawundi. indlela esemgangathweni ukuze unsaturation (kabini) udibaniso uya umbala amanzi bromine.

Ukusabela cleavage ye iqhina kabini wokujoyina kwemolekyuli halo alkene. Ukongezelela ngayo abayinqobo uphawu olu ngcelele homologous, kananjalo uthi umbala potassium permanganate.

Phakathi iimpawu ethylene kunye homologues zayo ayimfuneko ukukhetha kunye nezinye iintlobo yokudibanisa ngayo. Xa hydrogenation (basabela kunye hydrogen), lokusekwa alkane ohambelana. Ukuxovwa (amanzi) kunye gidrogalogenirovanie (hydrogen halide molecule) kobunye alkenes ezihluthiyo yi Markovnikov mthetho.

kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba xa ukujoyina i alkene nesimmetrichnmou (unxibelelwano karhulumente 1) iimolekyuli zamanzi okanye hydrogen halide cleavage ye iqhina kabini. Hydrogen idityaniswe impefumlelwano a (hydrogen ifumile) hydrogenated carbon atom, kunye gidroksogrupp okanye halogen eqhotyoshelwe N. ubuncinane hydrogenated

Ngaphandle ukongeza ethylene kunye homologues yayo luphawulwa basabela polymerization. Ukusuka a monomer imfuyo encinane bokwakha enkulu molecule Polymer eliquka iiyunithi ezifanayo noshowo. Polymerization lisetyenziswa kwishishini yemichiza ye sokuphuhlisa iiplastiki mihla.

alkadienes

Ngokuba ekuqaleni, alkadienes - kuba hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ukuba indlela jikelele C _n H _{2n + 2.} Kukho ukufana ethile phakathi abameli thotho homologous kunye alkenes. Ekubeni alkadienes - kuba hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo; kuba nani ebalasele Ngaphezu reaction.

Umahluko kukuba kule zikaDienes yi imixokelelwane ezimbini unsaturated kabini, ngoko ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo kufuna agqithisile amanzi bromine, hydrogen, amanzi, hydrogen halide.

Abameli ezinye propadiene kungena basabela polymerization. Products ezifunyenwe ngethuba le abasabela isetyenziswe ukuvelisa irabha zokwenziwa, yerabha ukwenziwa. Ekubeni alkadienes - na izinto ezihluthiyo indlela esemgangathweni ngokuzimisela kwabo umbala potassium permanganate kunye namanzi bromine. Alkadienes series homologous oqala propadiene, izinto ezingamanzi okanye eziqinileyo.

Phakathi izicelo abameli kule klasi kunika imveliso izinto polymeric.

alkynes

Kolu thotho homologous ifomula jikelele iasithilini yi C _n H _2n-2. Ukuba alkadienes - into leyo ubunjwe neentambo ezimbini kabini, kuba alkyne iphawulwa ngokuzikhanyeza kathathu. asabela esemgangathweni ukuze iqhina emithathu alkynes ngokuba kuthiwa intsebenziswano yezi kunye nabameli yale iklasi ezimbaxa nezintsonkothileyo - diamine hayidroksayidi yesilivere (1). Impefumlelwano ityuwa kwakhiwa - acetylide yesilivere.

Abameli beli ngcelele homologous ezi isomers ezahlukeneyo of alkadienes. Ngokufanayo, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes bonke kusabela kongezwe halogen, hydrogen, hydrogen halide, ngamanzi. Xa luthe molecule imali iasithilini zaneleyo hydrogen wavelisa ethylene. Kwimeko yentsebenziswano kunye hydrogen kwemfuneko akhutshwa-methane iasithilini (ezizizembiwa ifumile).

isiphelo

Alkynes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, iipropati yemichiza ebekuthethwe ngazo ngasentla, abonise ukufana ezisisiseko kunye nomahluko phakathi kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo izinto. Zonke hydrocarbon kwi ezakheke carbon yehayidrojini athom, ninjalo amafutha kakhulu.