Autecology - ngayo ukuba isayensi?

Ukususela kwixesha xa 1866 le sebhayoloji German Ernst Haeckel , lifunda ulwalamano phakathi eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ulwazi kweli candelo liye landiswa kakhulu (1834-1919) yazise ingqiqo kwesigama lwenzululwazi eziphilayo njenge inzululwazi. Ibonakala njenge njengesebe elizimeleyo ulwazi kwinkulungwane XX, ngokuthe ngcembe weza kuphuhliso specializations ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwabiwa izalathisi ezininzi ethile kokusingqongileyo.

Kulo meko, ingqiqo eziphilayo yamandulo, icandelo yayo engundoqo - kokusingqongileyo eziphilayo - yalahleka ezahlukeneyo amagama kunye amagama, ebangela ukudideka. Nokumisa ulwazi eqhelekileyo ukuzama ukuqalisa icandelo ukufunda impefumlelwano eziphilayo enye kokusingqongileyo (autecology). Yinto elungileyo ngokwemiqathango ulwabiwo izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo kwinzululwazi: isifundo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ephela abantu, ngamnye kunye, ekugqibeleni, iintlobo ezithile.

Wayo iikhonsepthi

Eziphilayo njengoko inzululwazi malunga impefumlelwano eziphilayo nokusingqongileyo sele kudala yahlulwe yangamacandelo ezininzi ezizimeleyo. Amanye akhiwa kwisiphambuka nabanye ngolwazi. It ayinabantu izihloko ezifana: eziphilayo lokwenzekayo entlalweni, yezibalo, kunye nezinye geo-eziphilayo. Inxalenye yemveli igama kuqhelekile kwaye isebe eziphilayo.

Ngenxa yoko, i-bume esenzekayo sifundo yesifundo lakhe njengesiseko ngokuthatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yokuhlelwa:

• kumgaqo intsebenziswano yabucala ezikhoyo zebhayoloji (autecology, synecology, eziphilayo labemi, eydekologiya);
• Systematics iiyunithi umgaqo taxonomic (eziphilayo kwezityalo, izilwanyana, umngundo kunye njalo-njalo);
• ngokusekelwe yokuhlala (eziphila eziphilayo, ocean).

Lo mba wengxoxo eli nqaku - lo macandelo zokusingqongileyo: autecology, synecology, eziphilayo abemi kunye eydekologiya.

Isiseko kwemigangatho yemo engqongileyo

Autecology - Sisihloko lwamacandelo zokusingqongileyo, leyo ufunda intsebenziswano kunye nokusingqongileyo kweentlobo ezithile eziphilayo ummeli. Yegama wabumba ukusuka autos Greek - ". Ngokwam" Igama elithi kuqaliswa ngo-1896 yi-yezityalo evela Switzerland K. Schroeter.

Umzekelo, izihlangu ciliates ukuhlala kwindawo ethile. Kwenzeka ntoni xa itshintsha yaye oko kuya kuchaphazela njani esiphilayo? Indlela ephambili ekufundeni, esebenzisa autecology - yinto experiment elebhu. Umzekelo, ifuthe kokusingqongileyo igcwala infusorian? Kwaye yintoni ke amaxabiso kumda asidi Musani ukubaphatha kakubi imisebenzi ebalulekileyo eziphilayo?

Autecology ukuhlola amaxabiso umda ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo kuvavanyo impembelelo yazo ekusebenzeni eqhelekileyo a ophilayo. On kwezi data kubhaliwe yonke inkqubo ubuninzi boxinzelelo kuvumelekile kwezinto esekelwe ekumiseleni uzinzo ukutya. Ngenxa yoko, autecology - sisiseko kwemigangatho ezikhoyo yokusingqongileyo isetyenzisiwe zokuphawula mihla.

Kukho ukhuseleko kwamanani

Abemi eziphilayo (ukusuka demo Greek - "abantu") - eliphezulu inqanaba umbutho yesihloko sezifundo zokusingqongileyo. Injongo zokufunda kweli candelo are inane eziphilayo njengeqela bomzi, ekhoyo kwi-bume elinikiweyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu abaphila musa ukuhlala bodwa. ngokusondeleyo bazalana omnye komnye, phakathi kwezinye izinto nokusingqongileyo.

imibandela lemfundo, ubudlelwane ngaphakathi kwiqela kunye nenani inane utshintsho uhlobo olunye inxaxheba eziphilayo labemi. Ngoko ke, le ngcamango imigangatho eliphezulu ngokuvunywe kunye nemigangatho zokusingqongileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokudibene "autecology - eziphilayo kwabantu". isayensi Ulwazi zokuncedisa amanye database enye, kwaye vice versa.

View - unit noshowo zazivelela

Namhlanje, ulwazi lwethu kwakha elinye ngayo ubomi emhlabeni ukwandisa ulwazi yemfuza, eziphilayo, biophysics kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi amashumi eminyaka yokugqibela. Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe sikhula, luzizi ngakumbi kuba kanye ingqikelelo iintlobo njengeqela eziphilayo ezifanayo kwiqela kweempawu (ukusuka morphological zofuzo) bakwazi bazale yabo, kunye nabantu abahlala kwindawo ethile. Ngoko ke, kwakukho kakhulu Sisihloko oselula Sciences - eydekologiya (ukusuka eidos Greek - "umfanekiso" okanye "buka"). Uyaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa yaye inokuqokelelana indawo yophando.

Ecology umphakathi

Synecology (kwisono Greek - "kunye") - Sisihloko Sciences, leyo iqwalasela wokuhlangana inane eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo zohlaza ngobuchule. Xa intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo nabanye kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Synecology kufutshane kakhulu geo-imvelo kunye nendalo biocenoses. Le yesihloko eso na nani likhulu iintlangano kunye ezoluntu ezikufutshane. Le yinxalenye eziphilayo amandla njengeyunithi noshowo.

Ukuqwalasela inzululwazi zemveli isoloko ichazwa izinto eziphilayo kunye namaqela zendalo ukuba zibe kwindalo, siye siqonde nokunxulumnene zonke izinto eziphilayo iindlela ezinako indlela kutshabalalisa ezi ubudlelwane kwaye uwagcine. ulwazi Environmental ngengqiqo ebanzi, ibalwe ukusuka ebuntwaneni, kwenyusa amathuba okuphila lobuntu kunye nokulondolozwa ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngayo emhlabeni ngo kuhlobo mihla osisigxina.