Ingcamango kweentlobo kunye nabantu, iimbono wangoku speciation, uhlobo criteria

Esakhiweni eziphilayo kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo bavunyelwe ukwenza ingcinga yokuba amaqela ezahlukeneyo kweentlobo ukuba ahlale emhlabeni. Kakade ke, kukho ukuphikisana abaninzi nkqu iingcamango mihla ngemvelaphi yendaleko lweentlobo, kodwa ulwahlulohlulo ezingundoqo isiseko, leyo ekhuthaza odolwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa ngeli xesha inani labameli lwamaqela ahlukeneyo wachaza izilwanyana anda izihlandlo eziliqela Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, isimaphambili se kweentlobo yaziswa inzululwazi uKarl Linney umva ngo-1753. Kwaye yiloo nto singasathethi uphuhliso rhoqo iindlela nokusekwa ekhuhlelwe izilinganiso izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

imiba jikelele kweentlobo kunye nabantu

Phantsi ebe bendiqonda iseti abantu abaye ilifa isethi iimpawu ezifanayo ezichaza morphological, nokomzimba, bemvelo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Enyanisweni, lo uluhlu lweempawu kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe eziphilayo umntu elinabantu. Ingcamango classical kweentlobo eziphilayo kwakhona ibonelela ukuba abameli balo inkqubo yobomi abahlala kwindawo enye. Ngelo xesha linye nembono yenye iintlobo eziphambili apho eziphilayo ehlelwa.

Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba omnye yesakhono abaqhelekileyo lula ukufumanisa iinkcukacha umntu othile ukuba uhlobo oluthile. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yaye inika inani leendlela apho abantu wangena kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo KABLOOM eziphilayo. Ngenxa yoko, abemi yingqokelela abantu akwi zohlobo olufanayo. Le ukubandakanya kuzakubangela ichibi gene eqhelekileyo, ukukwazi ukuvelisa inzala oluzinzileyo bodwa kwezinye iintlobo.

uhlobo criteria

Sele sibonile ukuba iinqobo ezisisiseko thaca iimpawu ezizodwa yamaqela. Basic phakathi kwabo lo kwiimpawu morphological, olusekelwe phezu umahluko zangaphandle phakathi iintlobo. Le iseti lweempawu ivumela ukuvelisa ukwahlulwa eziphilayo yokuba iimpawu ecacileyo ngokuphathelele iimpawu morphological lwangaphakathi okanye lwangaphandle. Kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuba ecaleni nokwenzeka ukuba iimpawu nzima-echazwe ukuba ubonwe kuphela kwinkqubo nimana ixesha elide.

Isibaluli geographical likwancedisa ingqikelelo eziphilayo. Iikhrayitheriya kweentlobo ze olu hlobo isekelwe kwinto yokuba amalungu eqela ngalinye zinendawo yazo ezizodwa iipropati eziqhelekileyo. Nguwo lo yemvelo, nto leyo iya kuqwalaselwa ngokwahlukeneyo.

Enye kwingongoma ebalulekileyo bokuphila kwaye zengqo- feature elimisiweyo. Ngokwemiqathango kukuthembeka na kwiimpawu oyinyaniso, ekubeni isekelwe umahluko phakathi kweendidi iinkqubo ecacileyo zengqo- ukuba zenzeka ngokulinganayo kuzo iindidi efanayo eziphilayo.

uluhlu lweentlobo

Le ndawo sisithuba kuchaziwe imida yendawo apho ifom eziphathekayo zisasazwe. Ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kule ndawo, sinako ukwenza izigqibo malunga ubukhulu kunye iimilo ezahlula esi sithuba lomhlali. Eneneni, le ndawo ingasetyenziswa njengekhrayitheriya yokuqingqa amalungu ngamnye ngokupheleleyo uhlobo oluthile, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uthathe ingqalelo ezinye bokuqonda.

Okokuqala, kuyacaca ukuba yokuhlala omnye kuphila abameli eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Okwesibini, ingqiqo lweentlobo luthatha ukuthi umbandela eendawo kwaye inakho ulahlekile xa sithetha babizwa ngokuba cosmopolitans. Olu hlobo, nto leyo kwakubekwe Inokuinikezwa ehlabathini, ngaphandle kwendawo, iimpawu lwemozulu, njalo njalo. D. Abaphandi kwakhona zodwa bystrorasselyayuschiesya iqela labantu kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi ukutshintsha indawo ukuze iingcali abanalo ixesha ukujonga iimpawu zayo. Aba bantu indlu izibawu kunye oongqatyana.

Ingcamango kweentlobo nemvelo labantu

Ngenxa yabantu yokusingqongileyo kwaye ingqalelo kwimeko zizonke yentsebenziswano abantu kunye namanye amaqela. Ipharamitha ezingundoqo isifundo ngemvelo Uhlobo ubungakanani labemi, uhlobo lokutya, indawo, ixesha ukuzala, njalo njalo .. Ezi kunye nezinye nezalathi kuvumela iingcali ukuze bathi yabantu ezithile yayigcinwa. Ngqo bemfuno ethological lifinyele ukuchonga umahluko yokuziphatha phakathi nabameli eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona, isimaphambili se lweentlobo kwi eziphilayo iimeko sizimisele ezizikhulelayo abiotic lwe zakhiwo, apho abemi zazivelela aze alungelelaniselwe ebomini.

Inkqubo speciation

Ukuqulunqwa kweentlobo ezintsha yenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezo zabelwe amaqela amabini eziphambili. Njengomgaqo, iziphumo speciation evela ekuthiwa-zazivelela phyletic. Ngokuhambelana nale Ingcamango iinkqubo ngaphakathi labemi olunye ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekubeni lithathelwe indawo othile eziphilayo ukunyuka, nto leyo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kwenzeka iimpawu qela.

Ifom yesibini speciation isekelwe phezu kokusasaza iqela ngokweendidi ezimbini. Njengokuba sele sitshilo, ingqiqo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa iindidi ezininzi iimpawu yoku-odola abantu ngenjongo ukufakwa wabo izilwanyana ezithile. Le nobunzima kakhulu bezicacisa ezi zokuhlelwa ebangela umboniso cleavage yi speciation.

concepts Modern of speciation

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ukuya kwinkcazelo speciation ngokwahlula eli qela. It speciation allopatric kunye sympatric. Kwimeko yokuqala ithetha ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala yokuqala ifom phantsi kweemeko labantu ohlala ixesha elide phakathi yodwa eendawo. Yimeko ebalulekileyo iimpawu ukuyilwa, kwanele ukuba ikheswa imizekelo idla iqela eyahlukileyo, yokuvalwa kude ukusuka lokuqala labantu abamele umthombo. ukwahlukana Natural geographical ezingenzeka ngethuba nasentshonalanga boom, sezingxakini ulwandle kunye like. D.

Ukuze ubone iifom sympatric ye ukuyilwa amaqela amatsha, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imbono kweentlobo kuquka ukubaluleka obungcali ukutya ngabanye. Candelo ngenxa kwiimbangi kunye nemigaqo ukuyilwa iintlobo ezintsha ngaphakathi kwiqela lokuqala.

isiphelo

Isekho namhlanje Taxonomy iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo sikude egqibeleleyo. Kukuba izixhobo ophezulu zobugcisa kunye neendlela ukuchonga iimpawu ngabantu ezahlukeneyo akusoloko kusenzeka ngokuchanileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba babe nabameli yodidi oluthile.

It utshintsha kanye ingqiqo iintlobo, zincediswa nemiba ezintsha lweempawu yebhayoloji, zokuhlala kunye eziphilayo. Kakade ke, indawo ekhethekileyo nangoku awayephantsi ngeempawu komzimba izinto eziphilayo, uhlobo phawu eziphambili ezicaciswe ukuze kwakhiwe systematics. Ubunzima kulo zokuhlela ngokuqhelekileyo kuvela xa iindlela ezintsha, emi amakhonkco oluphakathi phakathi kwe ntlobo ezahlukeneyo.