Igalelo zikaDarwin biology ngokufutshane. Yintoni igalelo kuphuhliso eziphilayo wenze Charles Darwin?

Namhlanje, bambalwa abantu abanokuphika ukuba negalelo elikhulu Darwin eziphilayo. Igama Inzululwazi abazaziyo bonke abantu abadala. Abaninzi kuni uthi, Ngamafutshane, yintoni na igalelo Darwin eziphilayo. Kunjalo, nika iinkcukacha imfundiso yakhe iya kuba mbalwa kakhulu. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uya kuba nako ukuyenza loo nto.

Ukufezekiswa yamaGrike amandulo

Phambi ukuchaza igalelo Darwin eziphilayo, chaza kumagama ambalwa malunga impumelelo kwezinye izazinzulu endleleni eya kokufunyanwa ingcamango yokuba izinto zazivelela.

Anaximander, sobulumko yamaGrike, kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesi-6. e. Wathi loo ndoda bavela kwizilwanyana. izinyanya zakhe zagutyungelwa ezithi kunye isikali ehlala emanzini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwinkulungwane yesi-4. BC. e., uAristotle waphawula ukuba iimpawu kusilungele, ukuba ngokungakhethiyo avele izilwanyana, izilwane indalo, ukuze ukubenza athembisayo ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo. A nabalingani ngaphandle data imiqondiso kufa. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Aristotle wadala i "ileli yezidalwa". Sikhoyo eziphilayo ukuze evela alula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo ngakumbi. Oku amatye kuyiwa yaqala kwaye yaphela nendoda.

Transformism and indalo

EliNgesi M. Hale ngo-1677 elitsha elithi "indaleko" (ukusuka kwisiLatini. "SoHlwayelo"). Wayechaza kubo ubunye uphuhliso yezembali kunye ngamnye eziphilayo. Eziphilayo ngenkulungwane ye-18 wabonakala transformism. Le mfundiso malunga ukutshintsha indlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Kwaba njalo nakubachasi ukuba ngendalo, njengako uThixo wadala ihlabathi neento zonke iintlobo kuhlala ingatshintshwanga. Ukuze abaxhasi transformism ibhekisela isazinzulu French Georges Byuffor kunye IsiNgesi Explorer Erazm Darvin. Okokuqala ecetywayo le ngcamango yokuzivelela Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, umsebenzi wakhe ka-1809, "Ifilosofi Zoology". Noko ke, izinto okwenyaniso ityhileke igama Charles Darwin. Igalelo le biology yale Inzululwazi gqitha.

Sinokholo Charles Darwin

Ukuyiphi ingcamango yendaleko, nisekelwe ngokwenzululwazi. Wayechaza oko emsebenzini wakhe othi "The Origin of Species ngokusebenzisa ngokukhethwa yendalo." Le ncwadi yapapashwa ngo-1859, Darwin. Igalelo biology ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo. Darwin wayekholelwa ukuba mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba zazivelela - yokwahluka kwemfuza, kwakunye kumzabalazo yobukho. Xa Kulwa umphumo engaphephekiyo yale ukwahluka iba ukhetho yendalo, nto leyo ke ukusinda preferential ke abantu liyazigxumela kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuthatha kwabo inxaxheba lokwanda utshintsho luncedo zamafa ziye ababeyiqwebile inokuchazwa ngegama, njengoko kuqatshelwe yi-Charles Darwin.

Igalelo le biology izazinzulu yayo eyaziwayo ukuba kuqhubeka uphando kweli cala. Uphuhliso kwixesha elizayo yenzululwazi baqinisekisa ukuba ingcamango zikaDarwin ichanekile. Namhlanje, ke, igama elithi "imfundiso yokuzivelela" yaye "kaDarwin" isoloko isetyenziswa ntonye.

Ngoko ke, thina ngokufutshane ukuchaza igalelo Darwin eziphilayo. Sinikezela sihlolisise imfundiso yakhe.

Le ngqwalasela nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwithiyori Darwin yendaleko

Ukuqala kwam ukuba ucinge izizathu ukuba phakathi iintlobo kukho ukufana ezithile neeyantlukwano, uCharles Darwin. Igalelo biology, ngokufutshane saziwe, yena wenza asiyi kuba kwaoko. Okokuqala ukuba ukuhlola impumelelo langaphambili, ngokunjalo ukwenza uhambo eziliqela. Ke eyabangela ukuba sisazinzulu kwiingcamango ezibalulekileyo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunyanwa eziphambili wenza eMzantsi Merika, ngokobuninzi zejoloji. Oku lwamathambo giant edentates, efana kakhulu ukuya sloths zanamhlanje armadillos. Ukongeza, Darwin wachukunyiswa isifundo kweentlobo zezilwanyana bahlala zeGalapagos Islands. Scientist afumaneka kwezi ziqithi mlilo engabalulekanga imvelaphi yakutshanje, iintlobo ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo olwahlu-, ezo ezifanayo mpumalanga, kodwa malilungiselelwe imithombo eyahlukeneyo yonikezelo - umpe lwe iintyatyambo, izinambuzane, imbewu nzima. UCharles Darwin wagqiba ukuba ezi ntaka weza siqithi evela emhlabeni nomsinga. Utshintsho kwenzeka kubo wachaza ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha yobukho.

UCharles Darwin waphakamisa imbambano ukuba speciation idlale indima iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Izazinzulu ziye zabona iphethini efanayo, kunye nonxweme lwaseAfrika. Ukuhlala phezu iziqithi Cape Verde izilwanyana, nangona ezinye ezifanayo kunye neentlobo ukuba ahlale lizwekazi, emva bonke bephela of iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kakhulu.

Darwin ayikwazanga asizukuchaza ukudalwa iintlobo kunye iimpawu besikrekrethi tuco-tuco, ochazwe kubo. Ezi iimpuku baphile ngaphansi imingxuma. TAnokuvela obona Young, owathi kamva babe ziimfama. Zonke ezi kunye nezinye izinto kakhulu, izanyazanyiswa ukholo ISAZINZULU ekudalweni lweentlobo. Darwin wabuyela eNgilani, uye wamisa ngokwayo umsebenzi namabhongo. Wayefuna ukulungisa umbuzo imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

imisebenzi emikhulu

igalelo zikaDarwin kuphuhliso eziphilayo linikwa kwi eziliqela yemisebenzi yakhe. Ngowe-1859, umsebenzi wakhe uthe ngokubanzi izenzo Ukukhetha izinto ngokwamava eziphilayo ngomhla wakhe. Ukongeza, wasebenzisa iziphumo bakubonileyo ezenziwe ekuhambeni kwakhe. Ukuzibophelela nguye enqanaweni "Beagle" uhambo ehlabathini lonke uphalaze ukukhanya phezu iinkalo nasekusungulweni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo.

UCharles Darwin wongezelela umsebenzi omkhulu othi "The Origin of Species ..." izinto eziyinyaniso kwincwadi yakhe elandelayo, eyapapashwa ngo-1868. Oku kwaziwa 'Ukutshintsha izilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nezityalo belima. " Kwenye umsebenzi, ebhalwe 1871 ( "I Descent of Man lokukhetha ngokwesondo"), izazinzulu baye phambili hypothesis ukuba umntu ovela lwenkawu-like ukhokho. Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi bayavumelana icebiso elithi Darwin wavakalisa. Igalelo biology uvumele ukuba abe negunya elikhulu kwihlabathi yenzululwazi. Abaninzi silibale ukuba imvelaphi yomntu evela iinkawu - akwenziwanga kwaba ngokupheleleyo kuphela hypothesis, leyo, nangona kusenokwenzeka, kodwa noko.

ilifa Ipropati kunye nendima yayo zazivelela

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isiseko kwethiyori zikaDarwin ngayo ufuzo yepropati, isakhono eziphilayo ukuphinda iintlobo ukutya kunye nophuhliso lomntu ngokubanzi eziliqela ngezizukulwana. Bekunye ufuzo Ukwahluka siqinisekisa iyantlukwano nokuzingisa zezinto eziphilayo. Oku sisiseko nasekusungulweni kwale organic ehlabathini liphela.

Kunzima ukuba khona

"Umzabalazo sobukho" - imbono kuyinto enkulu imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela. UCharles wasebenzisa ngayo ukubhekisela ubudlelwane ekhoyo phakathi eziphilayo. Ukongeza, Darwin walisebenzisa ukuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kweemeko abiotic kunye nezinto eziphilayo. iimeko Abiotic ezikhokelela kusinda abantu ezinamandla, kwaye ukufa kufanelekile ngaphantsi.

iintlobo ezimbini Ukwahluka

Ngokubhekiselele isikrokro, Darwin ichonge iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili. Eyokuqala them - Ukwahluka ethile. Yeyona amandla abantu eziphilayo kwiindawo ezithile asabela ngendlela efanayo ezi meko (imihlaba, imozulu). Ifom yesibini - hexa akunakuqinisekiswa. ubhalo lwakhe awuhambisani kunye notshintsho iqatshelwe iimeko zangaphandle. Ukwahluka engela ngayo isigama mihla kuthiwa kuguquka.

wezakhi

Le ukuguquka, ngokuchaseneyo kwifom yokuqala, kuba ilifa. Ngokutsho Darwin, utshintsho ezincinane ziyanyuswa kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo, waphawula kule yokuqala. Izazinzulu Sigxininisa ukuba nasekusungulweni indima isigqibo bobabo lula ukumisela akunakuqinisekiswa. Oku kudla ezinxulumene yemfuza eziyingozi okanye cala, kodwa kusenokubakho abathile ekuthiwa ithemba.

Indlela yokuba izinto zazivelela

Ngokutsho Darwin, umphumo kunqandwa yokwahluka kwemfuza kunye nomzabalazo ukuba khona ukusinda nokukotshwa eziphilayo ezintsha elihlolwa ngcono apha ebomini kwixesha eliphakathi elifanelekileyo. Kwaye ngethuba yendaleko, kukho kutshatyalaliswe akaphilanga, oko kukuthi kwemvelo. indlela emayihambe ngayo iyafana kwindalo ukuba abalimi, ukuba isongiwe umahluko engacacanga okuncinane ngabanye, ukusuka apho ke wabumba amalungisleelo oluyimfuneko eziphilayo, kwakunye umahluko phakathi kweentlobo.

Yonke loo nto, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi wathi ebhaliweyo Charlz Darvin. Igalelo biology, ezichazwe ngokufutshane, ayiphelelanga koko sixelelwa. Noko ke, jikelele, liye labizwa esibonakala impumelelo yayo engundoqo. Ngoku uyakwazi ukunika iinkcukacha malunga uhlobo igalelo biology ka Darwin yaziswa.