Apho ioli esundu ikhula?

Abantu abaninzi bayazi malunga ubukho ioli yesundu. Namhlanje yenye yeemveliso eengcambu lusetyenziswa kokuhlambeleyo ehlabathini lonke. Eli nqaku liza kujonga eminye imibuzo malunga nale izityalo ukwazi nezingaqhelekanga, ukunika imveliso efunekayo: yintoni wesundu ioli, amila njalo njalo.

Okokuqala, ndifuna ukuba uqaphele ukuba inkcazo yokuqala emthini, efana wesundu ioli, kuye kwenziwa igama yelo Alvise da Mosto Cada ngenkulungwane XV. Le inzululwazi ukwenza uphando kwiNtshona Afrika.

Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 eyadlulayo, iziqhamo yesundu oilseed kuphuma indlela ende kunye namakhoboka phesheya Atlantic Ocean, emva koko i-oyile iye ixhaphake kangaka ehlabathini.

Kukho iziqithi uSolomon (South-West Pacific), apho ubona i imiqolo olungenasiphelo imithi yesundu, isiqhamo apho ioli yaveliswa.

Ioli yesundu: iifoto, inkcazo

Le wesundu usapho yezityalo kunye enye iintlobo yesundu oyile.

Xa uhlobo wild-likhula, kuba umthi omkhulu okuphakama unako ukufikelela iimitha 20 ukuya kwi-30, kodwa inkcubeko ngokwandileyo ukhula ukusuka kwiimitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-15. Esiqwini ye yesundu 4-6 ibonakala kuphela kunyaka wokuqala wobomi, kwaye emthunzini (ngaphantsi isinyuko) - kuphela iminyaka 15-20. Khula umboko umthi ububanzi of ngeesentimitha 25.

wesundu inkqubo umthi iingcambu inamandla kakhulu, kodwa kwenzeka, njengokuba umthetho, hayi nzulu kakhulu. Izityalo abaqolileyo ube neziseko Isiqu kufuneka ngokwandisa iingcambu ezininzi yokuxazulula ezikhaphayo. Ezinye izityalo ezi waso ubukhulu kangaka ukuyigubungela buti ukuya kubude imitha 1.

Amagqabi emithi yesundu elide (ukuya kwiimitha 7), ezinkulu feathery. Xa isityalo abadala isithsaba nakubalwa iziqwenga 20-40. Kodwa ngonyaka ngamnye kwi entendeni kufa 25 amagqabi, elisandul 'indawo. Ezinkulu omdaka ameva egubungele izikhondo amagqabi.

Ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezi ngasentla, loo nto intle kakhulu magingxigingxi ngembonakalo, le oli yesundu emangalisayo.

isithelo

Oku ubukhulu drupe omnye umhla. iziqhamo esisangqa entendeni oyile phezulu camera pericarp ezinezikhondo, yaye ngaphakathi apho ibekwe khona yintlama equlethe ioli. Phantsi kwale yintlama liyigubungele a Anut iqokobhe ngokwanelisayo okuqinileyo, ngaphakathi apho - undoqo (okanye imbewu). Le yokugqibela ibandakanya ikakhulu endosperm, umbungu nembewu incinci.

Oil wesundu (ifoto kwi phezulu iziqhamo) linani elikhulu drupes. Ubunzima nganye 55-100 g ziqokelelwa kuzo inflorescences paniculate equlathe isimbuku ukususela 1300 ukuya 2300 kumitha.

uphawu amafutha

oyile Palm iveliswa ukusuka yintlama iziqhamo. umbala wayo kuyohluka mthubi mnyama ukuya ezikhanyayo nezimnyama obomvu, yaye ubukhulu becala isetyenziswa nje ekuthambiseni inkqubo imveliso isepha.

oyile kernel Palm eveliswe ethabathela ezinkozweni kwisiqhamo imithi yesundu. Ngokweempawu yayo nokubunjwa liyafana ikhokhonathi kwaye isoloko iyasetyenziswa endaweni.

Nangona le oli na indawo yokunyibilika degrees 27 ukuya 30 Celsius, oko kudla phantsi hydrogenation, isetyenziswa admixture nezinye oyile yemifuno okanye engamanzi ngokwahlukeneyo ukufumana amafutha hydrogenated ukutya imajarini ukwenziwa.

Ukuze kuveliswe ithani ioli yesundu kufuneka iitoni ezine ezinesiqingatha iziqhamo.

ukuvunwa

Oli wesundu, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, kukho inani elikhulu iziqhamo. Kuko konke oku zasemasimini abuthele zavuthwa isivuno iitoni ukuya ku-2 (ivela izixa ez 80 ukuya 100) ngesandla yonke imihla. Qaphela ukuba Iqela elinye efikelela 25 kg ubunzima. Yaye ngamnye kubo malunga ezimakhulu mabini iziqhamo.

Qokelela iziqhamo kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuthatha ixesha, ngenxa yokuba zikwindawo nomphakamo wesakhiwo esinemigangatho-ezine. kwenziwa njani oku? Abasebenzi qhoboshela iintshengece ukuya ekupheleni nepali ezisenokwandiswa. Ukusebenzisa ezi abaqokeleli ezazigawula imithi yeziqhamo buthathwa iimfumba phezu kwendlela. Ke izixa ziwe isityalo processing.

indawo yokukhula

Kumazwe kunye nemozulu eshushu ezikhulayo yesundu oyile. Apho luthe lwahluma? Kukho entendeni Afrika kule hlobo (Elaeis guieneensis). Nangona lakubo - yetropika Afrika (Nigeria), oko lukhula Malaysia, Central America kunye Indonesia.

Kukho kwakhona indawo apho yokutyala umthi wesundu (uhlobo Elaeis melanococca, Acrocomia kunye Coco Mbocaya) kunye Umzantsi Melika (ngakumbi, e Paraguay). Hlakulela le sityalo ekuveliseni amafutha mveliso kunye nokutya.

ukuvelisa

Wild olukhula esezansi ioli yesundu kwanezithwala iziqhamo kuphela kunyaka 10-20-th yobomi, kwaye izityalo ngokukodwa ezinjalo uqalisa nithwale isiqhamo kunyaka wesithathu okanye wesine emva kokutyala.

Izivuno eliphezulu kuphunyelelwa eneminyaka engama-15-18, kwaye ubomi elipheleleyo izityalo exotic kwi-avareji ukusukela kwiminyaka engama-80 ukuya kwezili-120.

A incinane

Ioli kwisiqhamo esi izityalo ezimangalisayo luncedo eziveliswa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ngexesha ngabembi yafunyanwa ijagi ngemiqondiso ecacileyo ioli yesundu (nemihlaba yokungcwaba Afrika besive ngewaka III BC. E.).

Ukulinywa imithi yesundu sikwindlela isikali mveliso yaqala kuphela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ngelo xesha, ioli iziqhamo zayo baba nomdla kule nkampani, leyo wavelisa isepha kunye imajarini.

Ezinkulu-scale nokulinywa imithi baqala e Indonesia ngowe-1911, e-Malaysia - ngo-1919. Kwakhona baqala ukwandisa lo mmandla ekulinyweni ezi zityalo kumazwe aseAfrika.

Okwangoku, ioli yesundu - enye izityalo eziphambili ehlabathini, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ze-oli yemifuno. Ngokutsho manani, tonnes zayo ngaphezulu kwezigidi 9 zaveliswa ngo-1988, yaye imveliso lonyaka liya lisiba ngakumbi.

ukusetyenziswa

Bendawo ngokwabo izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo ukutya olufunyenwe drupes ibhotolo imbali, ngelo xesha, ukuba singafaki efana netumata. Emva koko, lo incasa kunye nevumba ngayo ukutshintsha ayikho mnandi kakhulu.

Ngokubanzi, ioli yesundu isetyenziswa kakhulu ezimbini; evela Imicu amagqabi abatsha okwenziwe ngentambo, omile zisetyenziselwa amakhuko nokuluka, amalengalenga, zenziwe kubo kunye kwizindlwana eluphahleni. Ngeziqu iingobozi uyiluke, Namagatya abaselula kakhulu nencasa asetyenziswa ngayo ukutya (ebizwa ngokuba yi-ikhaphetshu wesundu), incindi sewayini esundu uveliswa.

ENgilani, i oyile isetyenziswa ukwenza amafutha oomatshini kunye nokwenziwa yekhandlela.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba yokutyala umthi wesundu eBrazil.

Elokuphetha - malunga awohluke isicelo oyile

Kuyamangalisa ukuba ioli yesundu esetyenziswa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi (zokuthambisa for ematyeni Mhise kunye m. P.) Ngaba wayisebenzisa kwishishini kokutya.

ukusetyenziswa kwayo imveliso kwezithako, disintegrants, ice cream kwi kwimizi ngembiza itapile iitshiphusi (crisps).

Ukongeza, oku kusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa izithambiso kunye neemveliso amayeza. Kwaye ukususela ekuqaleni kowama-2000, ioli yesundu ezimbini belizwe zisetyenziswa ekwenziweni biofuels.