Amangcwaba aseLychakiv, uLviv, eUkraine. Inkcazo, ukungcwaba okudumile

I-Lviv yenye yezona zixeko ezintle kakhulu e-Ukraine, ngaphandle kokuba neyona nkalo yenkcubeko yenkcubeko yelizwe yenye yezinto zelifa lemveli lehlabathi le-UNESCO. Esi sixeko esiyingqayizivele yindalo yenkcubeko yangempela. Iparele elixabiseke ngokwenene lelifa lemveli nelifa lenkcubeko yaseLychakiv - enye yamangcwaba ambalwa amandulo aye agcinwa eYurophu.

Iinkcukacha zemvelaphi

Phakathi kwekhulu le-14 leminyaka, isixeko saseLviv sasilawulwa nguPolish ukumkani uKasimir weThathu. Oku kwachaphazela ukubonakala komzi, owaqala ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Izibonelelo zasezidolophini zanda: zikhona iintlanzi, amaziko asejele kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, amangcwaba.

NgeMinyaka Ephakathi, kwakucatshangelwa ukuba yinto evamile yokungcwaba abafileyo kumhlaba ongcwele-kufuphi neetempile. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwexesha kwacaca ukuba lo mmandla unengxaki ezininzi. Amangcwaba, ahlala kufuphi neendawo zokuhlala, adala ezininzi iintsongelo ebomini babantu. Ngoko ke, uMlawuli waseJoseph II ngo-1783, kwagqitywa isigqibo sokususa onke ama-subhumans ngaphaya komda weedolophu.

Isixeko saseLviv sahlula sibe ngamalungu amaninzi kwaye sakha amathuna amane. Abahlali kwicandelo lesine kunye neziko lafumana elinye lamangcwaba amandulo eLychakiv.

Amangcwaba afumana isimo sawo esisemthethweni ngo-1786, kodwa ukungcwatshwa khona kwenziwa kwangaphambili. Ngokwababhali-mlando, kwintle yeshumi elineshumi elinesithathu abantu abafa ngexesha lesibetho sokungcwaba bangcwatywa khona.

Ekubeni abahlali beziko babephambili kwiindawo zasemadolobheni, akumangalisi ukuba emva kwexesha iindawo zamangcwaba zaseLychakiv zaba yi-necropolis enkulu yeLviv.

Imvelaphi yegama

Amangcwaba aseLychakiv abizwa ngokuba ngenxa yendawo ebekuyo. Le nxalenye yeLviv yahlaziywa ngekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu kwaye yayithathwa njengengingqi. Ngaloo ndawo kulezi zihlandlo ezide zidluliselwe kwiinqanawa, ezithunyelwa eConstantinople. Le ndlela yayibizwa ngokuba nguGlinyanskaya, njengoko wayekhokela edolophini yaseGlinyany. Kwathatha umthombo wasuka kwisango leendwendwe ezikuloo ndawo. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye yendlela yayibizwa ngokuthi yiLychakovskaya ngenxa yegama lokuhlala kwendawo.

Ukuphawula ngemvelaphi yegama elithi "Lychakov", izazi-mlando zize kube namhlanje zingenalo uluvo olufanayo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba le nguqulo ephosakeleyo yeLutzengof yaseJamani, evela kwi-colonist yaseJamani uLutz, owayekade ehlala kule ndawo. Abanye banamathela kwiinguqulelo ukuba leli gama liyigama elithi "lychaki". Ngaloo mihla, abemi bezona zihlwempu kakhulu ababegqoka i-wicker kwi-bast (i-bark yomthi) bathi izicathulo.

Igama la mandulo liye laqheleka, kwaye ngoku kungaphandle kwamangcwaba apha ukuze indawo yeLvov, ipaki, isitishi kunye enye yezitrato kuthiwa.

Amangcwaba aseLychakiv kwixesha langaphambi kokuguquka

Ukususela ekuvuleni kwayo ngokusemthethweni, le ndawo ngokukhawuleza emva kweendawo zifumene isimo sobukhosi. Abantu abadumileyo beLviv bazama ukufumana indawo yabo yokuhlala apha: abapolitiki, abaculi, iimbongi, abameli befundisi, iinkokeli zemikhosi kunye nabantu abacebileyo. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yemigudu yabo yokuba amangcwaba aseLychakiv abe njengemyuziyam.

Ngo-1856, amagunya asekuhlaleni anquma ukuphucula intsimi. Kule nto, abaphathi abaziwayo bezobugcisa bemiyezo bamenywa: K. Bauer noT. Tkhuzhevsky. Abaphathi baguqula amangcwaba, ukudala iindlela, iindawo zokuhlala kunye nezinto ezininzi. Ngoku sele ifana nepaki enhle, i-shading kunye nobuhle bayo bemvelo yodwa kule ndawo.

Ukuthandwa okukhethiweyo kwe-necropolis yaseLychakiv kwande kakhulu kangangokuba kwafuneka kwandiswe amaxesha amaninzi de kube kufinyelele kwindawo yangoku yeehektare ezingama-42, ezibandakanya amasimi ama-86.

Kamva, kwiindawo ezibuhlungu zokufa, ipaki ehlaziyiweyo yaguqulwa yaba yintsimi ekhulayo kunye neyobugcisa apho umntu ahamba khona kwaye avuyiswe yindalo enhle yamakhosi uTadeusz Baronch noLeonard Marconi. Indawo ekhethekileyo ekwakheni i-necropolis yile ntsapho yaseShimzere, eyanikela uLviv izizukulwana ezimbini ze-sculptors: u-Anton noJohn, kunye nomzala wabo uJulian Markovsky, umbhali wodumo othi "Ukulala embhedeni", sele sele liye kwikhadi lokutyelela emangcwabeni. Kulapho unokumhlonela abadumileyo abavela kwiHartmann Whitwer, ngenxa yetalente apho le mfanekiso weritye lenziwe. Abanye babemifanekiso bayangcwatywa apha.

Amangcwaba aseLychakiv: amabali

Ukukhala kunye namangcwaba, amathuncwa, amathuna alapha akusikho izikhumbuzo zobomi beentlobo ezahlukeneyo okanye iintsapho zonke, kodwa zixelele amabali amaninzi.

Omnye wabo ngumlando kaJozef Bachevsky, owathi, ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, wayekhathalele ukuphephela kwakhe kokugqibela. Intsapho yakhe yenza iziphuzo eziphuzayo waza waba udumo kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ibhizinisi elikhethekileyo laboniswa nguJozef Adam, ogama lakhe liyaziwa kweli candelo le shishini. Kwakhona waya kumngcwabo ngendlela yokuqala, ukwakha i-chapel kusengaphambili kwintsimi yamangcwaba aseLychakiv kwaye iyalungiselela isixhobo esithakazelisayo. Umngcwabo-umbhobho-robot awugcini nje ukuhambisa iJuzef emangcwabeni, kodwa uyifake ngokwakhe ebhokisini.

Olunye ibali lidibene nelitye elingavamile. Apha ngapha nangapha kwicala lokugqithisa ugqirha ophawulekayo u-Yuzef Ivanovich, ezimbini zezinja zakhe - uPluto noNero - zikhona. Inyaniso kwinkosi yakhe nangemva kokufa kwakhe, bahlala naye emangcwabeni. Kukho izikhumbuzo kunye nembali enomdla engabonakaliyo ngomhlobiso wabo othobekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, malunga nejoni elinobukroti lomkhosi, uFranciszek Zaremba, owathi wasinda ekufeni kwimfazwe, waphila ubomi obude iminyaka eyi-112.

Olunye uhlobo lwekhadi lokutyelela i-Lychakivsky emangcwabeni laliyintlekele yentombazana elele. Ibali eliyimfihlakalo lidibaniswe nale ngcwaba. Ukhethwe apha, uJozef Markowska wafa ngo-1877.

Ukungafihlakeleyo kunye nokufa ngokukhawuleza kwabangele ingqiqo. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi. Omnye wabo uthi uYozef wayengumdlali weqonga kwaye, ukusetyenziswa kwendima, wafa kanye ngexesha le-premiere. Okwesibini - malunga nothando olungathandekiyo lentombazana leyo, emva kokufunda ngokungathembeki komntu othandekayo, yayinobutyhefu. Inguqu yesithathu idibene nabantwana abafileyo bakaJozef. Umthombo wesine ngumthombo wasePoland, othiwa umntu wangcwatywa apha-uStanislav Zborovsky.

Amanani anembali abadumiweyo apha

Amanqaku amaninzi kunye neengcamango namhlanje zidibene nendawo enqabileyo njengemangcwaba yaseLychakiv. Ngubani ongcwatywe apha kwiindawo ezidumileyo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, phakathi kwabo abaninzi abadumileyo beenkcubeko, isayensi, ubugcisa be-Ukraine: umqambi owaziwayo, umbhali we "Vodograi" kunye no "Chervona Ruta" - uVladimir Ivasiuk; Inkondlo, uwonke u-Ivan Franko; Ababhali Osip Turyansky noMikhail Rudnitsky; Oososayensi uVasily Levitsky noMaxim Music; Umlando u-Isidor Sharanevich nabanye.

Kwakhona, ngaphandle kwezakwethu, unokubona amathuba asePoles adumile ahlala eLviv: umlobi weengxelo zezingane ezimangalisayo nguMaria Konopnitskaya, isazi semathematika uStefan Banach, umculi u-Arthur Grottger, ugqirha odumile emhlabeni-uLouis Ridiger, u-Zygmunt Gorgolevsky - umbhali we-Lviv Opera House, nabanye abaninzi Imifanekiso yesayensi nobugcisa.

ISikhumbuzo kwiindawo zokungcwaba

Eyona nto inqabileyo yimihlaba emikhulu yamangcwaba amaninzi. Amangcwaba aseLychakiv (iLviv) ineengqungquthela ezininzi zesikhumbuzo esaziwayo , ezaziwa kuwo wonke umhlaba. Zininzi zazo:

• ISikhumbuzo esinikezelwe kumajoni afile aseMelika aseMelika;
• Intsimi yaseMarse, apho indawo yokungcwatyelwa kwamajoni amane amaSoviet angcwatyelwa khona, afela apha ngexesha leMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic;
• I-Lviv "i-eaglets", isikhumbuzo esinikezelwa kubafana basePoles abasweleyo apha ngexesha lemfazwe yase-Ukraine-Polish;
• Intaba yabavukeli - kule ndawo abantu ababambe iqhaza ekuvukeni kwePoland ngo-1863 bangcwatywa;
• Amathuba apho oodade bolawulo lwama-monastic bangcwatywa khona.

Amangcwaba e-Lviv "eaglets"

Ingxaki yokubuyisela le ngcwaba yaxutyushwa ixesha elide, kuba ngexesha lamaSoviet (ngowe-1971) labhujiswa. Emva kokuba i-Ukraine izuze ukuzimela, izikhulu zasePoland zacela ukuba zenze isikhumbuzo apha, ukubuyisela ukungcwatywa ngokungenakonakala kwama-epagogo asePoland. Ngako oko kuthiwa amaPoles amancinci athathe inxaxheba ekukhuseleni uLviv aze alwe apha ngethuba lemfazwe yasePoland-Ukraine. Elinye igama lo kungcwatywa ngumangcwaba abakhuseli beLviv.

Ngo-2005, isakhiwo esiyikhumbuzo sagcina sibuyiselwe, kwaye kuvulwa ukuvulwa okukhulu nokuthatha inxaxheba kweentloko zaseburhulumenteni zase-Ukraine nasePoland.

Ukucwangcisa intsimi yamangcwaba

Ummandla weemangcwaba zamandulo zaseLychakiv, kodwa nangona kunjalo, yonke into apha ihlelwe ngokufanelekileyo kunye ngokuvisisanayo. Kukho ucingo lwamatye kunye namasango omlilo, adibaniswe ngetsimbi yensimbi eyenziwe. Ukugqithisa ucingo, ungabona izikhumbuzo ezisekufuphi nasezikhutsheni ezikuloo mmandla ojikeleze indawo yokungena kunye neendlela zecala. Olu lizayo likhokelela iindwendwe kwiindawo ezitshintshileyo zeepaki, ukufihla izinto ezisemgangathweni. Ngaphezu koko, bevukile kwindawo encinci, badibene nomzila omkhulu, apho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zesebe zibe zikhokelo ezahlukeneyo, zingena kuzo zonke iingqungquthela zamangcwaba.

Ukutyelela emangcwabeni

Musa ukuya apha-ke ungaboni enye yezinto eziqabileyo zeso sixeko. Ngaphezu koko, ukususela ngo-1990 iMangcwaba yaseLychikiv (uLviv) ifumene imeko yendalo yemyuziyam. Njengoko uyazi, kungcono ukutyelela ezo ndawo ngokuncedisa isikhokelo. Isidingo sokuba nobukho bezinto ezilandelayo kubangelwa izizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, ummandla omkhulu wamangcwaba, onzima ukuwujikeleza ngolunye usuku. Okwesibini, kuya kubakho ukuva amabali ebomi abonwabisayo abantu abafihlwe apha.

Ixesha lokutyelela amangcwaba lisuka ku-9 ukuya kweyishumi elinesixhenxe. Kwabalandeli bemihlali yolondolozo lwemyuziyam unikeza ukuhamba ebusuku.

Namhlanje, iinkampani zokuhamba zibonelela ngee-short-time tours kwiLviv phakathi kweenkonzo zabo. Ukuziqonda kunye neendlela ezibandakanya ukutyelela kwiithala, iminyuziyamu, itempileni, kunye nokuvakasha eMangcwabeni eLychakiv.

Indlela yokufika khona

Namhlanje indawo yamangcwaba eLychakiv ihlanganisa iihektha ezingama-42 zomhlaba, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba kulula ukulahleka apha. Kwaye nabemi baseLviv abakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba baxhomekeka kakuhle kwiindawo ezili-86, apho amathuna aseLychakiv ekhoyo khona. Indlela yokufikelela kule ndawo enomdla, unokuxelela abahlali besixeko, abaphendula ngokuzithandela imibuzo efana neendwendwe. Unokufika apha nge-tram nombolo yesi-7 okanye yesi-2, emva kokufikelela kwi-Street Mechnikov. Emva koko kufuneka uhambe ngamasango, okwakhiwe apha ngo-1875, kwaye uza kubona amanani ambalwa phambi kwakho. Apha u khenketho wenza ukhetho ngokwakhe: nokuba afune uncedo ekulawuleni aze ahlele uhambo, okanye ukuhlangabezana nabo ngokusebenzisa i-intanethi, iimephu kunye nezinto ezikhethayo.

Amangcwaba aseLikachav yinto efana nomzi wabafileyo, ohlala ubomi bawo. Njengabantu, ezo ndawo zizalelwa, zikhula zife. Akunqabile ukufumana okungafaniyo nale ncropolis. Imbali yayo ibuyele emva kweeminyaka engaphezu kweyesibini, kwaye ukuxubusha kwamabali ama-destinies, iimbali kunye nemimangaliso ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.