Champ de Mars. Champ de Mars, Paris. Champ de Mars - Story

Kwizixeko ezikhulu ehlabathini jikelele eziliqela lencwadi yi ariya ephantsi kwe igama bezinye Field Mars. Kuthetha ukuthini?

Zonke ezi ndawo zithiywe emva Campus Martius waseRoma yamandulo, kwaye ke ngoko, ukuba ukuqonda intsingiselo kwiinkalo ezininzi Mars, ngaphandle olunzulu excursion kwimbali, asinakukwazi ukuyenza. Masiqonde apho le meko uye, luhlobo luni na uye namhlanje.

Champ de Mars: Imbali

Kumaxesha amandulo, akukho namnye ngaphandle wabasiki, kwaba nzima ukungena kweso sixeko kunye umpu. Kodwa kuthekani mkhosi? Ngokuba kuye, enyanisweni, wakha enqabeni yomkhosi ngaphandle kweendonga. Enyanisweni, yaba kwiidolophu zomkhosi wokwenene: ukongeza enqabeni yomkhosi apho ibekwe esibhedlele, iindibano zocweyo izixhobo, nendawo yokugcina, entsimini ukusebenzisa kunye nokulwa zoqeqesho. Konke oku kunye ngokuba Campus (e isiLatin). Ekubeni nkampu ahlala yi emkhosini, yena phantsi ukusekelwa uthixo imfazwe - Mars. ERoma le ndawo yayimi phezu kodonga lasekhohlo iTiber River, abahlala esemazantsi phakathi ziinduli Capitol, i Pincian kunye Quirinal. Iziko sasisendaweni uthixo encinane isibingelelo silwe.

Emva kokuba xesha Tarquins, ingakumbi ngexesha kwiriphabliki kade, ledabi itshintshile iwonga kunye ukubonakala kwayo. It bahlela iintlanganiso zoluntu, maxa wambi kubanjwa kwimiju- zomkhosi, ezemidlalo (comitia centuriata), nokuba yenziwa ukubulawa. Ngonyaka kugubha equirria iholide kunye nokuxhuma kunye beTestamente zokulwa. Ekubeni endle kwaba omkhulu, ngaxesha nye kwabanjwa iziganeko ezimbalwa, nababukeli abaninzi Ungafumana ukuzonwabisa abangayithandiyo.

I ngakumbi bayahlelwa aseChamps de Mars

Xa iRoma waba ngumlawuli Yuliy Tsezar, idolophu yasemkhosini waya entabeni Celio. Field Mars waqalisa ukulungisa abahlali eziqhelekileyo umzi. Kodwa igama yagcinwa kumagama ndawo. Kamva, le isithuba esikhulu elimile iceba ubesoloko ethatha akakheki. Kuye kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezininzi umdla bokwakha, ezifana oothixo. Ekubeni nsimu inxalenye yokuqala mangcwaba inkampu yomkhosi apho uthuthu bezigcinwe amajoni uwe ukuze ilizwe labo abemi elizayo aqhubeka imbeko njengamaqhawe abo kule ndawo, yaye kutheni itempile lwakwakhiwa yonk 'into ekuthiwa, leyo Uyabahombisa Champ de Mars. ERoma ndaphoswa isithuba esikhulu ezingenabantu, kodwa ubambe ezingcwele inkumbulo kule ndawo ezukileyo.

Eminye yimihlaba, elingcwele yamaqhawe

Ngu umzekeliso i "Campus Martius" kwiindawo eRoma efanayo kuhonjiswe nakwezinye izixeko ezikhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ekuqaleni injongo yabo iyafana kwisiXeko obunguNaphakade. Bazenza umsebenzi lomkhosi amajoni kombiwa kunye kwimiju- zemikhosi. Ke ngoko nje, kwiinkulungwane kamva, ukuba ezibonwe zezikhumbuzo kuze kuzukiswe awileyo amaqhawe lokhokho.

Kweminye imizi iindawo ezinjalo yalikhanyisa emlilweni ongunaphakade. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwiindawo ezinjalo akukho wakhela noBhali amaqonga Mars, kodwa igama ezintendeni. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba i fashion kudala. Ngaloo ndlela, intsimi elungiselelwe uthixo imfazwe, yaye kwakukho kude kakhulu kumazwe eRoma. Ziziphi imizi babe Champ de Mars? Paris, Athens, Nuremberg nkqu St Petersburg. Eyona umdla ngokweemeko ezimalunga nezembali kwaye bokwakha - Champ de Mars ngo kwikomkhulu French. Kodwa ke eyona kufunda - kwisixeko waseJamani ka Nuremberg.

Paris ekundleni ngenxa zijike zomkhosi

Ngowe-1751 ukumkani eFransi , Louis XV wayalela ukwakhiwa phezu kodonga lasekhohlo Seine sikolo. Study kwakukho abafana iintsapho zobunene abahlwempuzekileyo (kwakusazeka ukuba enye kabini kule ndawo yaba UNapoleon Bonaparte oselula). Kuba esikolweni adjoined enkangala enkulu caba ezilungiselelwe imithambo zomkhosi. Apha, ukumkani nabo bathatha kwimiju-. Esi sithuba engekude ukusuka Louvre iye ubizwa ngokuba nguMhlaba Mars.

IParis ingqalelo kule ndawo enkulukazi, efanelekileyo ukuze kuhlangatyezwe inani elikhulu labantu. Apha isifungo siseko yokuqala. Ezinye iziganeko isiFrentshi Revolution ngo Ngo1791 nayo zenzeka kulo mhlaba. Kwibala elikhulu ezingenamntu phantse kwi embindini baseParis esetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Apha, ezingenziwa kuphela kwimibhiyozo, kodwa waba yemifuniselo yokuqala wabongamela nesithuba somoya. Ngowe-1784, kunye aseChamps de Mars wazeka esibhakabhakeni kwi ibhaloni uvulindlela elawulekayo kule nkalo Blanchard.

Ngaphezu ngempumelelo. lesikhumbuzo idle

Champ de Mars, ibuthe eka ngaphezu amabini ecaleni Quai Branly, ngokungafaniyo nabo Roman uhlala ezingaphuhliswanga. Udlale indima kumdyarho ezidolophini kule minyaka 1833-1860, yaye emva koko saqalisa ukuba eyokubonisa lwesayensi ehlabathini. Ngoko xa Gyustav Eyfel wanika Paris uyilo lwalo inqaba, kwagqitywa ekubeni ndiyakhe nje aseChamps de Mars. Iron uyilo openwork kufanelekile kungena iiloni Umqukumbelo ngokumangalisayo eluhlaza. Ukujonga uthabathe imifanekiso Eiffel Tower ukusuka Champ de Mars, ngoku zithontelane kwizigidi kwisixeko abakhenkethi. Umda yendalo endle lwesakhiwo yegolide wokwakha Invalides kunye School Military. Ngoko ke, lo baseParis ungathanda ukuba amalungiselelo iipiknik phezu ingca engceni, esiza phezu intsimi, nokuba ebusuku amakhandlela.

Champ de Mars eAtene

Le esikhumbuzo ulwimi mihla isiGrike kuthiwa Πεδίον του Άρεως (Pedion Areos). Yakhiwa 1934 ukuya imbeko Amaqhawe revolution inkululeko yesizwe ka-1821. Ngu mfanekiso ne izindawo aseChamps de Mars lesikhumbuzo sanikezelwa uthixo imfazwe - Areos. Yintoni ephawulekayo kukuba nawe awusoze ubone umfanekiso wakhe, kwaye wathweswa uzuko yesikhumbuzo oqingqiweyo ka Pallas Athena. Mu kuya kwa nshita emakriweni aluhlaza kwikomkhulu French, lo na elaa litye lithe a ipaki enomthunzi. Le microclimate indawo oluhlaza kweso sixeko (kungoko ukuba Omonia square kilometre) kukuba ehlotyeni lobushushu Iqondo lobushushu lihle laya ezimbini ngaphantsi kwenye eAthene. Phambi kokuba yokungena ehonjiswe oqingqiweyo engundoqo uKumkani Greek Constantine I owaya. Epakini ngaphandle kwengeniso ezingamashumi amabini ananye hero of the revolution kukho nengcwaba amajoni aseBritani, Australia nase-New Zealand bafayo isilwela Greece ngexesha Second World War.

Imbali aseChamps de Mars eSt Petersburg

A leminyaka emva kokuba ibisekwe Petersburg, ledabi wadalwa kulo mzi. Noko ke, ekuqaleni kwathiwa ezihlekisayo, ngenxa yokuba ummandla engaphuhliswanga zabanjwa nemibhiyozo Shrove ngoLwesibini. Yayikumgama nje ngasentshona Garden Summer. Ngenkulungwane XVIII, le ndawo yabizwa ngokuba Big Meadow.

Igama, kwaye umsebenzi isihlalo kwatshintsha xa wenyuka etroneni uKumkanikazi Elizaveta Petrovna. Field steel ngentlonelo mkhulu Tsaritsyn ndiwele. Wayekholelwa iirivyu zomkhosi kwimiju-. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba Russia ebesoloko ukumila Paris, Ekuveleni XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane kwagqitywa ekubeni igama Tsaritsyn Meadow Field Mars. NoPawulos iyalelwe ukuba kocingo yinxalenye ngokukhawuleza lisakheka isithuba se esangweni lentsimbi, ipaki kunye kwengca kunye iindawo. Ngowe-1801, ngokwemiyalelo * uKhesare ezikhumbuzo iinjengele Suvorov kunye Rumyantsev zafakelwa.

Ukuguqulwa engca kule ndawo

Kwakukho iminyaka, eSt Petersburg liphuhlise, baza benziwa ngayo notshintsho kunye Field Mars. imifanekiso ezimbini nihombisa ukuba bafudukela kwezinye iindawo esixekweni. Umzekelo, kukho isi- mkhosi PA Rumyantsev womzobi V. F. Brenna wafuduselwa ngo-1818 ukuya Vasilyevsky Island. Yaye ebudeni bolawulo loMlawuli Alexander I safudukela oqingqiweyo yentsimi omkhulu Marshal. Ngoku yena umi phambi Bridge Emnye, ecaleni Marble Palace kunye Count Saltykov ekhaya. Enyanisweni, oku kwakhona yinxalenye Tsaritsyno amadlelo, yaxobuka kuphela kwindawo eyahlukileyo, ogama emva Field Marshal.

Suvorov lesikhumbuzo kwi Champ de Mars, phezu Moika, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ngokwahlukeneyo. In uBukhosi Russian, yaba ngumntu wokuqala lesikhumbuzo uncrowned. UMkroli, MI Kozlowski, owayesebenza phezu lesikhumbuzo yomthetho Paul I kule minyaka 1799-1800, ayengawenzi malunga lo mfanekiso ukufana eqingqiweyo kunye yokuqala. Kunoko, Beliqela, umfanekiso oyindumasi umphathi-winner. Lo mzobo ubhedu phezu kwamanqwanqwa enxibe iimpahla yamandulo. Ngesandla sakhe sokunene uqeshwe ikrele ekhohlo - njengekhaka. Suvorov uvezwa kuthi owazenza Mars, uthixo imfazwe.

Uguqulo kwiSikhumbuzo Uzuko

Emva kokuba Champ de Mars waphulukana amangcwaba kubathetheli ababini, nantoni na eyenye kuboniswe yi-ratio kule ndawo imfazwe kunye amadabi. Noko ke, igama ezintendeni. Ngoko ke, xa kwavela umbuzo malunga nalapho ukungcwaba abantu abafa ngexesha Februwari Revolution ka-1917, esinye isindululo wayengekho: emangcwabeni kufuneka zibekwe kwi Campus Martius. Kamva yaqala ukubonakala abasebenzi abatsha ukungcwatywa babulawe Yaroslavl kwimvukelo ehlotyeni 1918, ukuzithethelela esi sixeko-nxaxheba amabutho Yudenich, kwakunye amaxhoba revolution manani aphezulu M. Uritsky, V. Volodarsky, riflemen Latvian kunye nabanye. Last heroes, kwagqitywa ekubeni ziyaqhubeka lenkumbulo. It lwakhiwe lenyengane engwevu pink. Ivula lunikezelwa isikhumbuzo yesibini October Revolution. Kodwa ke intsimi ngokwalo uqambe Plaza of Victims Revolution.

Arena uloyiso, eyaba indawo shame

NgoMatshi 1935, iJamani yamaNazi wagqiba ekubeni afumane aseChamps wabo de Mars. Kwakufuneka ukuba ibe yindawo nje uhlela, ufundise imikhosi Wehrmacht. Emva koko izicwangciso ukubamba ngeenkongolo iqela, kwakunye nje encinci yayiqandusela wokuwonga elaa inkululeko yehlabathi ukusuka 'isibetho ubukomanisi ukubusa isiJuda ". Kwaye ngenxa yokuba bekufanele ukuba iprojekthi senkulungwane - le inkulu eYurophu, i Champ de Mars. Iifoto ezo minyaka zibonisa ukuba zabelwe isithuba komhlaba lingana ubukhulu asibhozo zebhola! Ngokufanayo, megalomania neziganga zazenzelwe 250.000 ababukeli. Arena kwafuneka zingqonge iinqaba ezingamashumi amabini anesine (elinanye kubo yakhiwa ngo-1945), kwaye iqonga le uMlawuli - batshate esemthethweni uloyiso isithixokazi Victoria kunye namajoni. Kwaye oko kuyo? Nje ukuba athi ekundleni grand kuba kwimiju- iye akhulela eNuremberg, apho, njengoko nisazi, kubanjwe iindibano zovakaliso kwinkqubo otyholwa olwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye noluntu ngamaNazi. Ngokwenene tale esisilumkiso!