Le nolutshintsho - is ... Le mizekelo definition. Thomas Kuhn, "Isakhiwo of Scientific koko"

Xa ukuhlola inkqubo yophuhliso ngokubanzi, njengoko zobulumko eziye zavela imithetho yayo engundoqo. Kwenye kubo emiselwe inkqubela kwesi sicwangciso. Ibizwa ngokuba umthetho kuphika of kuphika. Ngokuhambelana kunye nale uphuhliso spiral. Nabuya ngalinye ibamba iinkqubo phindo, kodwa kumanqanaba aphezulu. Enye mthetho ixhomekeke kuphuhliso amaqhinga. Hegel wabiza inguqu yawo ukusuka ubungakanani umgangatho. Ngokuhambelana nalo mthetho, uphuhliso kukunyuka kancinane inani lotshintsho ezingenazo iimpawu ezintsha gca. Kodwa emva kokuba ixabiso ezithile iintlantsi qualitative. Lo mda ubizwa Hegel ngomlinganiselo.

Inkqubo yophuhliso lokuqonda lwentlalo, ingakumbi kuphando kunye kwinkalo yenkcubeko, kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa beqokelela utshintsho ezithile oluninzi. Namanyathelo uzabalazela ukuba kuvela ezikhwelayo esemgangathweni - revolution yenzululwazi. Ukushenxa kwindlela ebekufudulwa Ngoko ke inkalo ephambili yenkqubo yophuhliso. ngakumbi Qwalasela oko kwenzeka yaye yintoni iziganeko Ndingawangqinela ngayo.

Wenguqulo - oko ngamazwi alula?

Eli gama livela kwisiGrike. ekuqulunqeni Umzekelo le ngxaki kunye nezisombululo yayo ephambili kangangexesha elithile - oku nenguqulelo. Yintoni na ngamazwi alula? Paradeigma ngendlela ethile ukuya indlela ngokuqulunqa zokusombulula iingxaki zophando. Ukutenxa kulo ungathanda kakhulu ukufumana ulwazi olufanelekileyo izazinzulu. Kukho imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yokusebenza kwayo. Ukutshintsha paradigms kube lula kakhulu kuboniswa ngokuthelekisa ixesha elithile.

ingakumbi i

Le wenguqulo shift - inkqubo elide ngokwaneleyo. Yena akayi kuqhubeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihamba kunye nokuqaliswa yokupasa iingcamango ezintsha ezingqondweni liyanda inani izazinzulu. Emva kwethutyana, okwandisa, imodeli entsha uba umbono eqhelekileyo. izinto ezininzi ebomini zenziwa mfanekiso. Ngenxa yoko, kusombulula ingxaki zemathematika yenziwa kusetyenziswa izisombululo aziwayo. Izibakala eziphikisana imifuziselo ngokubanzi waqonda njengoko qhekeko okanye engenakungahoywa. Noko ke, njengoko oko kungqinwa imbali inzululwazi, kotshintsho - kwizimanga zendalo.

ithayimthebhile

Emva kokuba inani elithile izibakala ezintsha kukho intshabalalo ekhawulezileyo yemodeli lusekiwe. Xa noseko lwalo inkqubo entsha yenziwe. Isebenzisa amanye amagama kunye neendlela kusetyenziswa apho utoliko olwaneleyo ulwazi olugcinwe. Utshintsho of paradigms zenzululwazi ngokufuthi kuboniswe kwigrafu. Le iasi enqamlezileyo ibonisa t ixesha, kwaye nkqo - imilinganiselo abstract ezithile n kunye p. Zakutshanje agcwele iqondo uphuhliso ingqeqesho kunye neqondo inkqubela zeteknoloji kweli xesha. ngelakamva luboniswa ukukhula umgca wamachaphaza kunye notshintsho lokuqala - umgca ongqindilili. amacandelo oxwesileyo elihambisana le modeli lusekiwe. On amacandelo enkulu ye kotshintsho kuthatha indawo. Lo ngumkhuba uncwadi mihla unyulo ahambelanayo. On amacandelo eweni Kwenzeka kanye ukuba uvale qualitative, leyo ikhankanywe ngasentla. Ibizwa ngokuba revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi

Eyona mithombo idumileyo yamandulo ebhaliweyo inkcazelo ziquka yokuqala China, Greece neYiputa. ubudala babo malunga namawaka amathathu eminyaka. Ngokomthetho ke ziqulathe ulwazi evela entsimini amayeza, zemathematika, ngeenkwenkwezi, ukuqonda kwiziseko zobomi. umsebenzi Scientific kumaxesha amandulo lwaqhutywa zizazinzulu saa - zo. Nangona kwakungekho ndlela ecacileyo imbono, kwaze oko kwakhokelela engekho phantse epheleleyo yentsebenziswano phakathi zobulumko. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba oku kuvele iingcamango ezingundoqo iingcamango lusetyenziswayo namhlanje.

Umzekelo, abantu abaninzi abazi kutheni kwisahlulo wesangqa wenza ukuba degrees 360. Ngelo xesha, le modeli kwakuvela eYiputa yamandulo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba lo nyaka iquka iintsuku 360. Ngeli xesha, ilanga ichaza isangqa. Ngoko, ngenye imini esilingana 1/360 intshukumo arc sokukhanyisa. Emva koko, eli xabiso sele waboleka yi-Arabhu yaye igama le "isidanga". Xa imisebenzi zobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike kungathathwa ukufana yipharadaym ethile. Bamandulo kwaba ukuqonda kakuhle ingqibelelo iphela. Ngaloo ndlela isayensi akukho wabahlula iinkalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo nje bulumko yendalo.

bazimele yamandulo

Abaphengululi idumileyo yamandulo ziquka inabe of eMileto, Ptolemy, Archimedes, Democritus, kwaye, kakade, uAristotle. Okokuqala, kuyabonakala ukuba, yena lowo wokuqala waxelela ihlabathi malunga isenzeko kombane. Democritus okubangelwa kwithiyori ngesakhiwo atom kwezinto. Archimedes wazibeka iziseko hydrostatics nezixhotyana. UPtolemy yenzelwe isakhiwo ukujikeleza yonke, wayezisekele yakhe yokwakha iinkwenkwezi.

Okwangoku, kukho inani ezingundoqo kuphuhliso lwe nenguqulelo yenzululwazi kuthathwa yi-Aristotle. Waba mentor ka Macedon. Ingqwayi enkulu ayizange ulibele malunga notitshala wakhe. Aristotle kuphela ukufumana iintlobo zee-asethi eziphathekayo, kodwa amaxwebhu, aqulathe ubulumko wayithimba impucuko enkulu. Ngenxa kule inkxaso sisazinzulu ikwazile ukwakha isikolo esikhulu yenzululwazi. Aristotle baqulunqe iziseko ekuqiqeni ngokusesikweni, wadala ukuqokelelwa yokuqala yenkqubo zonke iingcamango zakhe. Yaba isikolo wakhe waba uluntu Obumbe kwinguqulo yamandulo kwinzululwazi. Koko Scientist izimvo canonised Roman Catholic Church. iingcamango akhe ahlale phambili ixesha elide kakhulu. A kotshintsho ulwazi lwenzululwazi ngexesha emibonweni livunyelwe. A indima ekhethekileyo idlalwa apha yi- Yokuncina oyiNgcwele. Oku kungqinwe kwimizekelo Nikolaya Kopernika kunye UGalileo.

theory ikhaphukhaphu

Le wenguqulo shift - kukuthi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukutshatyalaliswa iimbono pre-ezikhoyo. Kunye nophuhliso loluntu, ezininzi iimbono Aristotle kaThixo ayengasekho ezifanelekileyo kwaye kuyangqinisiseka. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isiseko ingcaciso iziganeko ezininzi yemvelo kwingcamango ikhaphukhaphu, izinto ebixhamla ubuncwane, isenzo njengoko abathwali iimpawu ezithile emzimbeni. Ingcaciso nako ngokusekelwe ekuqaleni thiyori ukungcangcazela glycol ikhaphukhaphu. Ubushushu bunxulunyaniswa ulwelo yande, leyo kuthiwa caloric.

Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye ngezimanga zombane nabo baye bafumana incazelo yabo. Ngokukodwa, ubukho babo linxulunyaniswa ubukho ulwelo ezimbini ukuba iintlawulo wokwephuka ezahlukeneyo, yaye omnye ngemagnethi. Kamva, Franklin, umongameli of America, wamshiya kuphela kubo. phambi kwaso uchongwe nge "+", kunye nokungabikho, ngokulandelelana, "-". Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, le modeli lubonakala kwisahlulo iintlawuliso ezimbi nezilungileyo. Theory ikhaphukhaphu kudala yaphela, kodwa ubhalo kwayo wahlala.

iimpawu

Usebenzisa wenguqulo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa indlela Ngokwembali kwinkqubo ngokuxoxa ithiyori ethile. Njengenxalenye yophuhliso lwentlalo inyaniso libhekisela ubukho iziganeko ezikhathazayo. Njengoko izinto eziphambili kotshintsho kuthiwa elandelayo. Ukutshintsha iipateni kumiselwa sicatshulwa kwexesha kunye, ngokufanelekileyo, uphuhliso imbono yoluntu. sobulumko yaseMelika Isazinzulu Thomas Kuhn wachaza indlela imfundiso endaweni. Kwavunyelwana ngayo imodeli ngexesha elithile icacisa uluhlu imiba kunye neengxaki bunenjongo kunye nesisombululo. Zonke izinto ezinzulu ukuba musa kuwela kuwo, musa, agwetywe ingqalelo. Oku kubonisa ukuba kwisigaba ngasinye yophuhliso uluntu kukho ingcamango eqhelekileyo, leyo isebenza imodeli lusekiwe.

"Ubume be Scientific koko"

Ngoko ke wabiza kakhulu anempembelelo, njengoko izazinzulu zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, incwadi ityhila kakuhle eli utshintsho ezingqondweni yoluntu. Thomas Kuhn, umbhali wajonga uphuhliso zombini ukutshatyalaliswa esidala kunye ukuvela sengqondo entsha kwengqondo malunga ngxaki. Ngenxa kubo, ngokwembono yakhe, kwaye kukho iingcamango ezintsha yeengcinga. Ingcamango shift lo wesiqhelo, livela ngumbhali akazange ukunika iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi. Noko ke, le yindlela entsha ukubonisa undoqo ngokucinezela imiba kuhlalutyo lwabo. umsebenzi Kuhn kaThixo ezinkulu yaye iqulethe iingcamango ezintsha. Oku kwakhokelela ukuthandwa ncwadi kunye ukuvela impikiswano ngeenxa zonke kuyo.

Contents theory

Ngokwengcaciso, sobulumko, revolution lwezenzululwazi utshintsho epistemological kwi imodeli okhoyo. Phantsi kwalo, umbhali uveza impumelelo obonwa yi zonke izazinzulu kunye nokunika ithuba inkqubo kuqulunqo iingxaki nezisombululo zoluntu. Le wenguqulo shift - kukuthi, ngokutsho sobulumko, anomaly inkqubo ezikhawuleza esingenakucaciswa yi imodeli elamkeleke jikelele. Ithiyori yangoku kufuneka kubonwe nje njengoko scheme ngoku, kodwa ke elimiweyo liphela, apho ke akhoyo, kunye iziphumo ezivela ekusetyenzisweni kwayo.

Le wenguqulo impixano, nto leyo ethatha indawo kwinkqubo ephala ezisemgangathweni, ngokuyintloko yokungafani kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ixabiso, iindlela izisombululo, imilinganiselo, izenzo ngokuqaphela, kodwa ayiphelelanga imifanekiso ehlabathini. Le modeli ecetywayo yahlukile umbhali kwengcamango zeniyo-positivists kuba igxininisa abaphandi ngamnye, kodwa hayi kwi imisebenzi kokukhupha ananzi kuphela bulumko okanye ubhalo.

ichazwe ezisebenzayo

Umzekelo indlela imikhosi indawo ebekufudulwa ingqalelo ulwazi olufanayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, wenza njengoko umntu osembonweni woqondo "umvundla-idada". Maxa wambi, ngaphakathi uqeqesho ukuze aqokelele ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga mgaqweni ezibalulekileyo, abangquzulana ithiyori okhoyo. Kweli nqanaba kufika ubunzima yenzululwazi. Ekuhambeni kwayo yenziwa ukuvavanya iingcinga ezintsha, leyo kude kube lelo xesha azithathelwa ngqalelo okanye ichithiwe. Ngenxa yoko, le ngozi lo wesiqhelo kwinzululwazi shift lugqityiwe. Umfuziselo omtsha ithatha phezu abalandeli bakhe. Ukususela ngoko, kukho uhlobo abaxhasi idabi ngokwengqondo endala kunye ezihlangwini ukuba lo wesiqhelo yakhe. Ukwandisa inani iinketho ezikhuphisanayo, umnqweno kunye nokuzimisela ukuzama into entsha, ukuxoxa imigaqo esisiseko lubonisa inguqu yenkqubo yokufunda eqhelekileyo engaqhelekanga.

Ukubuyisela magnetic inqubo relativistic Einstein Maxwell unako ukukhonza umzekelo yemvelo zenkulungwane yama-20 nje. Le leenguqu kunye uthotho mpikiswano eshushu, ukuba ningambuyisi nje data enokwehla. Ngenxa ngokucalula itotali eyaziwayo ingcamango Einstein kaThixo.

izenzakalo

Ukuziqhelisa, kukho embalwa imizekelo ezaziwa kotshintsho. Okwangoku, kukho inani izazinzulu bathi kokwakhelwa ukutshintshwa ecocekileyo enye umfuziselo omnye kungabonwa kuphela kwicandelo kunokuba nje naluphi na utshintsho. Xa sifundisisa inkqubo iinkcukacha, ngokwenene kakhulu kunzima ukumisela mzuzu ngokutsiba. Kuwa phantsi kwenkcazelo Kuhn ziganeko zilandelayo:

1. Ukudibanisa physics classical Newton ngokwenkcazo ezinxulumene ngomatshini.
2. Uphuhliso theory Darwin yendaleko. Yayama indalo ngokwembono ingcaciso esisiseko kwiintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo on Earth.
3. Uphuhliso physics quantum. Ngengqeqesho kukuvela ubucukubhede yamandulo.
4. Ukwamkela le ngcamango ziitectonic plates njengoko ingcaciso utshintsho ezinkulu abasakhasayo yokwakheka-langa.

theory classical

Ekugqibeleni kwasekwa kwinkulungwane yama-20. Xa noseko lwalo walala phantsi umgaqo kudaleka. Oku kusekelwe kwingcamango ukuba uphando kuvela ngokucacileyo nangokupheleleyo ukusuka iimeko umbane yayo. Loo utoliko ubudlelwane kobude kuye kwavusa, ke, ingcamango Determinism epheleleyo ngeziganeko ezizayo. Umongo thiyori ichazwe kumgaqo Determinism lwenzululwazi, Laplace atsalwa. Ngokutsho kwakhe, yonke imicimbi kungenziwa precalculation ngokuthi ekucombululeni inani elithile kwizibalo physics yamandulo. Yonke into yayibonakala olucacileyo nolulula, ngezimanga abaninzi kwakuchaziwe kule modeli.

Noko ke, ukuphucula ubugcisa, izixhobo ze-elektroniki kwindawo yokuqala, uye wadala revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe omtsha. kukodwa qualitative kwenzeka kakhulu kutshanje. Uncwadi epapashwe phakathi kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, isaqhubekeka imiqondiso eliphikisa ukuchaneka izifundo ezitsha. Kulo mzekelo zesizukulwana sangoku ubona ezi ezintsha imvume.

isiphelo

I-revolution zeteknoloji, ezivele ngenxa yale theory mihla ideology, kwenzeka ebudeni bamashumi yokuqala zenkulungwane yama-20. Oku kwaphawula kuqulunqo yokuqala ingcamango quantum, leyo uphelise ubukho Determinism yamandulo. Le revolution iye yakhokelela iingunqu ekuqondeni iibhondi imichiza. A wenguqulo elitsha ukutolikwa abalaseleyo umgaqo kudaleka. Njengokuba inkalo ephambili yemodeli ekhoyo kukuba kuqwalaselwe iziphumo namhlanje ubumbaxa kweemeko ezithile. Oonobangela avelisa iziganeko ezithile kunye namathuba ethile.

Kuthiwa ukuba iqashiso bemeko- revolution mihla kwinzululwazi nobugcisa, ukuba uzibophelele imifuziselo classical yendalo-yenzululwazi kwimbono yehlabathi, wafa, yaye angabi nako ukubeka up kunye nokungabikho ithuba ekugqibeleni wachaza ngokuthi kuvulwe iikhonsepthi ebesisetyenziswa ngaphambili eyenziwe ngazo.