Ukwahlukanisa yamasuntswana

Indlela ezahlukeneyo amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo zahlukene kangaka kunye neempawu zazo. Oku kusekelwe iimpawu ngokuhlelwa yabhalwa amasuntswana nezakhiwo.

Enye izikhombisi ebaluleke kakhulu - ubunzima. Kubalulekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo le kwisuntswana yokuphumla ubunzima, ekubeni ngexesha intshukumo, ingakumbi ngesantya esiphezulu, oko kuphula. Ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo oku, ezinye izazinzulu wamemezela kuvulwa amasuntswana ezintsha, kodwa kwafuneka ukujongana elide-kwaziwa. Iyunithi of reference kucingelwa ukuba ubunzima ovela nokuphumla, kuba yeyona ndlela ilula kubo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, ukuhlelwa amasuntswana nezakhiwo ngokungqinelana nobunzina abanye ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ziluhlaza ukuba akukho ubunzima lokuphumla, kuba sasingahlali ndawonye ngesantya ukukhanya;
• amasuntswana ukukhanya - leptons, ezibandakanya electron kunye neutrinos;
• amasuntswana medium ukuba ubunzima ukusuka kwelinye ukuya amawaka electron mass;
• enzima - baryons, ukuba ubunzima ngaphezu kwewaka of mass electron, ezibandakanya neutron, protons, Hyperion.

Eyona ngakumbi, nto leyo yenzelwe ukuhlelwa amasuntswana nezakhiwo - zabo ityala lombane. Yena iphindaphindeke isigxina ovela (-1) njalo. Ngokwale Uphawu, onke amasuntswana zahlulwe zibe ngokuqinisekileyo ityala, kakubi ityala kwaye ngeqanda isigxina. Kwakhona ubukho amasuntswana kunye kwentlawulo iqhezu.

Olunye uphawu ngalo kusekwa ukuhlelwa amasuntswana nezakhiwo - ixesha lokuphila kwabo;

• amasuntswana ezinzile, ukuba leyo electron neutrino photon kunye Proton, neutron kuhlala ifana Logama nje kukho ukwakhiwa ngumongo atom, kodwa urhulumente isimahla disintegrates ngaphakathi imizuzu eli-15;
• amasuntswana ezingazinzanga - bonke abanye. ixesha Life apho 10 (-10) - 10 (-24) imizuzwana, kwaye amasuntswana kunye ngethuba elifutshane yobomi - resonances ukuwa phambi kokuba ixesha ushiye ngumongo okanye atom. Baphila (-25)-10 - 10 (-26) imizuzwana. Nangona ubukho amasuntswana lubalwa isondlo, kodwa phantse akukho mntu kubhalwe. indima ebaluleke kakhulu eyidlalayo ebomini bomntu, Kakade, amasuntswana ezizinzileyo, emva zonke kubo bonke-imizimba macro zakhiwa.

Ezona mpawu Ukuhlelwa ilandelayo - uhlobo yentsebenziswano:

• leptons - amasuntswana abandakanyeka kuphela ababuthathaka ukuhlangana electromagnetic;
• hadrons - amasuntswana leyo, ukongeza koku kungentla, inxaxheba ukudibana olomeleleyo.

Kodwa nto ibalulekileyo amasuntswana nezakhiwo - yi basonta (inkcazo yamasuntswana umfutho). Eli xabiso e ukukhanda classical ichaza njengokujikeleza iimpawu zomzimba. Kodwa physics, ucinga iimpawu amasuntswana sabaqalayo, basonta luphawu ngokwahlukileyo - njengento isidanga lwangaphakathi inkululeko kwisuntswana. Uyakwazi kuphela ukuthatha amaxabiso alungayo, ezo umlinganiselo ukuba njalo Planck kaThixo, ngokuchaseneyo ubucukubhede spin ezinokuthatha naliphi na inani. Factor ebonisa ukulingana yayo ibizwa inombolo spin quantum. Kuba abathile amasuntswana oko ukuba inani elipheleleyo (0, 1, 2), lo gama enye - wesiqingatha-elipheleleyo (1/2, 3/2) amaxabiso. Kwisuntswana, ukuba 0-vym ejikelezayo ukhangela efanayo xa akwenzelwa nangaliphi na engile ukujikeleza unit nganye - kuthatha uhlobo efanayo emva ngokusebenzisa degrees 360 Wajika ngayo, kunye spin ezilinganayo ezi-2 - ngemva kokubuya degrees 180, kunye ejikelezayo in ½ - ngama 720. Zonke amasuntswana kunye namagugu non-elipheleleyo ukujikeleza zibizwa ngokuba - fermions. Ezi zonke amasuntswana eyaziwa, ezifana protons, electron kunye neutron. Nomhlana wabo ngu 1/2. Yaye inani elipheleleyo - bosons. Ezi izinto, eneneni, le ufaka emasimini, kodwa ngempahla corpuscular ukukhonza njengamabala kwi kumda zoqobo. Umzekelo okuphawuleka bosons photon, ogama basonta ngu-1 kunye mesons ngeqanda Ihlole.