Aircraft mqambi Igor Sikorsky: biography, inventions

Namhlanje, Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich ubungcwele uphuhliso ngempumelelo iintlobo ezintathu ezinkulu moya mihla. wabonakala Bulelani ubungqondi moya edume enkulu moya injini-ezine, izikhephe isigebenga ezibhabhayo ntaka ezininzi, nto leyo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso eyama.

Igor Sikorsky: biography

Aviation uvulindlela owazalwa May 25, 1889 e Kiev, Ukraine (ngoko - uBukhosi Russian). Uyise, uIvan, wayengugqirha kunye unjingalwazi kwengqondo. Kwakhona umama waba isidanga lonyango, kodwa umkhuba akuzange inxaxheba. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich ubuzwe yokucinga iseti yabo - izinyanya zakhe, kususela kwimihla Peter I lingumlungiseleli kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, ngoko, baba Russian. Enye iinkumbulo yakhe yokuqala na ibali umama ezama uLeonardo da Vinci ukuba kuyilwe moya. Ukususela ngoko iphupha endiza wathimba ngokubona kwakhe, nangona ngokuphindaphindiweyo wathetha akunakwenzeka ukungqina oku. Ekugqibeleni, xa ndandineminyaka engama-12, Igor Sikorsky wakha ntaka model. Ukusebenza kwi amandla iirubber bands, ephothiweyo, isakhiwo wavuka emoyeni. Ngoku ke umfana wayesazi ukuba iphupha lakhe nga fiction yokuzibhubhisa.

uhambo idolo

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, xa Igor noyise ulele eJamani, uDavide weva ukuba uqala kuqala ivele ezenziwa Count von Zeppelin. Kwakhona sifunda ngalo ukubhabha ngempumelelo abazalwana Wright, waza wawabetha kukuba iphephandaba impumelelo enkulu kangaka print encinane kwiphepha lokugqibela. Ngelo xesha, Sikorsky wagqiba ukunikela ubomi bakhe mboni. Injongo yawo ethile ibikukuphuhlisa isixhobo ukuba hambisa ngaphezulu ngenqaku elinye okanye siphaphazela naliphi na icala olifunayo - le ntaka.

Yena ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukwenza imifuniselo zabo kwigumbi ehotele elincinane, ukudala plane kunye yokulinganisa yayo lift. Emva kokubuyela eKiev Igor baphosa Polytechnic Institute kwaye yaqala uphando olubanzi kwiindawo ezisakhulayo yenzululwazi. Wayengenguye nokuba amabini, waba ngomdla omkhulu kunye ezininzi iingcamango, kodwa amava encinane eluncedo kunye nemali.

School of Aeronautics

Kungekudala Igor Sikorsky waya Paris kuthenga injini kunye nezinye iinxalenye ngenxa inqwelo moya yakhe. Apho, xa isikhululo seenqwelo-moya yasekuhlaleni, ivumba wokutshisa ioli kukaCastor uhlobo abangafezekanga, imifuziselo abadala moya, ukuzama ukubhabha, washiya uphawu soze umphefumlo wakhe. Kungekudala Sikorski wazibandakanya eyenziwe ntsha, sesikweni kakhulu loLwamkelo French esikolweni, kunjalo, umfundi ilangazelela akazange ukufumana naliphi na ithuba ukuze emoyeni. Xa uthenga itankana-amathathu Anzani injini, wadibana Louis Bleriot, naye wathenga injini ukuze monoplane yayo entsha. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva koko, enye Bleriot okhaliphileyo wangena imbali eyama wenza ukubhabha yokuqala ngaphesheya IsiNgesi Channel. Esi siganeko zembali bachaphazeleka kakhulu uphuhliso olungaphaya ngenqwelomoya.

I Uyilo lokuqala

Ngeminyaka yoo-1909, Igor Sikorsky zigqityiwe ntaka yakhe yokuqala. Kodwa ke, enoba kangakanani zakhe ezimbini counter-batshintshana plane ihamba ngomoya, iyunithi iye ayiboniswanga umnqweno incinane ukuya. Ekugqibeleni Sikorski yakha biplane kunye ngoJuni kulo nyaka ngayo wavusa iimitha ezimbalwa emoyeni. Njengoko wangcamla impumelelo imizuzwana ezininzi kangangoko elinambini. Kwiinyanga ezilandelayo, Igor wadala ezinye AMAGQABAZA ▸ wenza kubo moya elifutshane kwaye kaninzi waqhekeza, ekube ingaqhelekanga ngemihla ekuqaleni mboni. Kodwa usebenzisa iindawo ezingonakalanga kwakhiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo, imodeli ukuphuculwa. Sikorski akazange amandla yi kusilela yokuqala, kuba lukhulu lwafunda ntaka kwaye wayeqinisekile ukuba xa ilandelwe yi-moya, uya kubakho emva kwakhe, ngonaphakade qiniseka ukuba ukundiza.

ukuqaphela

Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo 1910 ukuvavanya yeyesibini rotorcraft umqolo kokuba zilungisiwe, apho basebenza ubusuku Sikorski. Le ntaka ukuba niziqaqadekise njengoMdali yakhe. Ukuzingisa umyili waba ezintle, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe weza kwisigqibo ebuhlungu ukuba mhlawumbi ukuba ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe yaye kufuneka kwakhiwe moya yemveli.

Iminyaka emininzi, umsebenzi Sikorsky Aircraft kaThixo akazange alibale iphupha lakhe ukwakha ntaka ngempumelelo ngokwenene. Kungekudala wamkela idiploma ye selinge Imperial All-Russia aeroclub kunye odla zomkhosi kufuphi Kiev uye wabonisa C-5 yayo. Kukho moya wadibana Tsar Nicholas II. imodeli Next C-6A wafumana ibhaso liphezulu kwi umoya show eMoscow. Kodwa isiganeko minor, nini, ngenxa yingcongconi ugcwale umgca amafutha, kunye Sikorsky wanyanzeleka ukuba enze ebikhona, yajika yingozi.

"Kulya Muromets" - moya giant

Esi siganeko, wayiqhubela moya ukuya ingcamango yokwandisa ukuthembeka moya ngokusebenzisa iinjini multiple - ingcamango engaqhelekanga kwaye olukhulu ngelo xesha. Sikorski ecetywayo ukwakha biplane injini-ezine ezinkulu (ixesha) ubukhulu. Lo moya igama "Ozukileyo". Wema phambi kwaloo moya balcony enkulu yaphandle. A gumbi umkhweli ebanzi esemva moya.

NgoMeyi 1913 moya wenza moya layo lokuqala uvavanyo. Lo moya yaba Ngomkhukula ukwaneliseka okukhulu, njengokuba abaninzi Sikorski wathi-moya elikhulu enjalo ukubhabha. Ukholo lwakhe izimvo zabo kunye nokuzimisela ukuba babambelele zabo ngeenkolelo Nikani kalikhulu. Tsar Nicholas II weza kuhlola "Ozukileyo" kwaye uphuhliso injini-ezine moya moya umyili wokuqala thaca umlindo eqingqiweyo. Ngenxa yokukhuthazwa Sikorsky wakha moya elikhulu, owaziwa ngelika "ilya Muromets". Le ndiza i ibhulorho evulekileyo ngaphezu fuselage, apho abakhweli nesibindi ukuze kuma ukonwabela ubuhle ngezantsi. inqanawa Big yaba imvakalelo emkhosini, kunye nabameli Russian Navy wafika Petrograd ukuba ahlole umzekelo, ifakwe pontoons.

The World lokuqala

Emva kokubulawa Austria iTshawe Franz uFerdinand eRashiya zibandakanyeke leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. "Iikulya Muromets" yajika bomber, ezaba sisiseko lohlaselo lomoya Russian nxamnye amaJamani. Xa zizonke, lo moya inxaxheba olungaphezulu kwama-400, yaye kuphela namnye zokutshiswa ngumlilo anti-moya. Xa ngo-1917 i-revolution yamaBolshevik bahlasela ubukhosi, iqhawe lethu ibali wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye ilizwe. Ngehlobo lowe-1918 Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, osapho asala eRashiya, eshiya yonke impahla yakhe, waya eParis, apho waqalisa ukuba bayile bomber enkulu kwiNkonzo Air United States Army. Kodwa ekupheleni kwemfazwe wazisa isiphelo umsebenzi wakhe. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, bathutha ukuya US, Sikorsky ukuzalisekisa iphupha lobomi bakhe. EUnited States, akabanga abahlobo okanye imali. Kodwa faka, kuba ndandicinga ukuba kweli lizwe abantu izimvo bemi sibe nethuba lokuphumelela.

The American dream

Emva kwexesha elifutshane wayesebenza kwinkampani "McCook Field 'e Dayton, Ohio, lukwanceda ukuphuhlisa super-bomber. Kodwa ngoxa ndiza njengento isebe ofayo lwamashisini kunye Sikorski abangaphangeliyo babuyela eNew York. Ngokungamfumani umsebenzi kushishino lweenqwelo, waqala wayehlohla okwenzelwa abemi abasuka kwamanye Russian kwimathematika ngeenkwenkwezi. Kwangaxeshanye, waya zokuchopha zasekuhlaleni kunye balangazelele wabona abasemzini iinqwelo-moya. Igor waqalisa eyayinesihloko kwisifundo ngenqwelomoya ezikhuselekileyo ithuba yemali ukubuyela ityala yakhe ayithandayo. Sikorsky livelise i-injini amawele moya yorhwebo, ekwaziyo ukuthwala abakhweli-12 ukuya kwi-15 - sisandulela le airliner mihla.

wokuqala American

Emva efaka imali efunekayo, Sikorsky waqalisa ulwakhiwo moya koovimba ye kwifama zeenkukhu eLong Island. Ke kuzo zonke iindawo yokunganeli kwemali, yaye wasebenzisa oluninzi yeekhomponenti ezifanelekileyo ezivela lweetiphu zasekuhlaleni. I-injini baba ubudala, leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ekugqibeleni, umqambi Russian omkhulu Sergei Rachmaninoff wamhlangula ukubhaliswa countryman kwi mali $ 5,000. Xa indiza entsha wayelungele moya layo lokuqala uvavanyo, abancedisi moya ezisibhozo ababehlanganisene kuyo. Igor Sikorsky wayesazi ukuba yimpazamo, kodwa ndandingakwazi andingekhe ndikukhanyele kuzo. Emva kokuba slow ukuqalisa injini akuphumelelanga, kunye Igor wenza ebikhona, umonakalo kakhulu-moya. Kwakubonakala ukuba oku isiphelo. Kodwa Sikorski kudala ndafunda ukuba phezulu kwaye emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa wayibuyisela-moya ebizwa ngokuba C-29-A. Letter "A" apha ibhekisela elithi "America". C-29-A yaba moya ngokumangalisayo elungileyo, ukuqinisekisa impumelelo zezimali zenkampani Sikorsky. Aviator Roscoe Turner uthenge loo moya ukwenza iinqwelo rhoqo kunye charter. Kamva iyunithi sade sasetyenziswa njenge ephaphazelayo ivenkile icuba.

Ngowe-1926, yonke eyama ihlabathi ngabomvu umvuzo mali $ 25,000, leyo yaphakanyiswa yi ngumntu wokuqala owenza isiw moya phakathi eNew York ne Paris. Sikorski wacelwa ukuba akhe enkulu biplane injini-zithathu kuyo hero imfazwe French Rene Fonck, wayecebe ukuba afumane ibhaso. Eli qela ngokukhawuleza kunye amalungiselelo okugqibela phambi kokuphela kovavanyo yokubhabha. Ngexesha andize moya ogcwele waya kudlula ndunduma. Kwimizuzwana nje embalwa, wajika waya wesihogo elidangazela umlilo. Fonck wasinda, kodwa amalungu amabini nqanawa babulawa. Phantse nangoko waseFrance nesibindi yayalela moya ukuya okwesibini ukuzama ukufumana ibhaso. Kodwa phambi kwalonto yayakhelwe, akukho bani owaziyo Charles Lindbergh zigqityiwe ebaleka solo phesheya Atlantic Ocean, uya kufumana umvuzo kunye baziswa yezigidi zabantu.

"I-American Clipper"

Kwakhona, inkampani Sikorsky ngokwakhe wayemlwela ikho. Emva koko wagqiba ukwakha zamasele iwele-injini. Le ndiza ezinokwenzeka kakhulu kwaye zithembekile, kwaye Sikorsky wadala wayenomkhosi moya. Phantse nangoko, i-Pan American Airways wasebenzisa izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ngenxa ukwakhiwa kweendlela ezintsha zezulu kuMbindi naseMzantsi Merika.

Kungekudala Sikorski waba imiyalelo ngaphezu kusizalisekisa. Yena Sikwahlengahlengise nkampani yaye yakha mveliso omtsha eStratford, ngkhlknga. Emva konyaka, inkampani waba oluncedisayo ngokupheleleyo abanini "United Aircraft Corporation". Sikorsky wacela ukuba ukwakha yothutho ukuhamba elikhulu moya ukuya Pan Am, nto leyo ukuba nguvulindlela entsimini kwezithuthi yothutho-yolwandle. Iingangamsha "American Clipper" na uhlobo olutsha wesibini moya, moya ngumyili wadala. Imilinganiselo indiza phantse kabini ubungakanani enye moya ngelo xesha. Ekupheleni kuka-1931, emva kokuba uNksk Gerbert Guver "umnqamlezo" "Clipper", Charles Lindbergh wayenza moya yokuqala ukusuka Miami ukuya ePanama Canal.

Le umkhombe omkhulu sibhabhe yaba sisandulela lothotho aparata efanayo ukuba kwavula US iindlela umoya ngaphesheya kolwandle. Phakathi kakuhle i C-42, eyagqitywa ngo-1934 yaye uneempawu ezibalaseleyo kowandomelezayo Lindbergh ngosuku zimisele iirekhodi 8 ihlabathi ngenxa isantya, uluhlu kunye payload! Kungekudala emva koko, isikhephe, iphaphazela Pan Am olunokusetyenziswa ukuvula unxulumano umoya phakathi US ne-Argentina. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, omnye "Clipper" Yaphaphazela ngaphandle Alameda, California kwaye avule air eya eHawaii. Oku kwalandelwa kwezinye iindlela moya ulwandle Pacific eNew Zealand. Ngowe-1937, enye "Clipper" Wenza moya wokuqala rhoqo ngaphesheya North Atlantic. Ngoku ke ndiza Intambo omkhulu Sikorsky Sizibandakanye zokuhamba yorhwebo nge zombini ulwandle engundoqo.

Ndiyaphupha

Kuyo yonke le minyaka ngempumelelo yokuluka moya Igor Sikorsky akazange alibale umnqweno wakhe wokwakha ntaka practical. Akazange ndicinge nje wezandla, kunokuba liphupha, waza wafuna ukuba ubukelwe ebomini ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into. Ngowe-1939, ekugqibeleni Sikorsky waqonda injongo yobomi bakhe, akuba uphuhlise ntaka lokuqala lokwenene. Kodwa ke isixhobo yingxaki entsha ngokupheleleyo yaye kunzima kangaka ukuba umyili ukuba azinikele ekusombululeni kuyo. Yaba lucelomngeni wabiza yonke ingqondo yakhe, amandla nothando ukubhabha. Kodwa le mpumelelo yaba ithuba lakhe kwakhona kuba kumqukumbelo umngeni omtsha, kuba elide kangaka waphupha of Sikorsky. Le ntaka yaba moya injongo lobuqu ngaphezu amathathu eminyaka. Kwaye ngoku, entwasahlobo ka-1939, waqala uyilo wakhe, esebenzisa iingcinga okongezeleke lonke eli xesha. Ngo September iyunithi wayelungele uvavanyo lokuqala. Lo matshini waba mnye eziphambili kunye Screw ezimbini ezincinane ekupheleni wesahlulo tubular le fuselage - ukulwa torque. Ngapha koko, oku kusetyenziswa inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokutshintsha engile yabe plane ngexesha ujikelezo. Xa ngendlela emangalisayo elifutshane kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu bexesha iye yasuswa enye yeengxaki amalahle of mboni.

utshintsho Ukwenza ukuba uyilo ngo-1941 Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich wanikela ingxelo yokuqala ubude moya - iyure-1 nemizuzu engama-5 kunye 14. kweentsuku ezimbini kamva, baxhotyiswa ndiyise kumatshini unokuqalisa zombini emhlabeni kunye namanzi. Ngoko Sikorski wenza igalelo lakhe lwesithathu kubalulekile ngenqwelomoya eziqulethwe iphupho umatshini flying engaqhelekanga, nto leyo eza kumkhonza inkonzo ngokhona kucokisekileyo bobuntu kwaye kubethelela ihlabathi uphume yayo ophezulu emoyeni. Ngaphezu koko, le ntaka iya kuba lesikhumbuzo indoda enokholo ephupheni enkulu nkqu nangaphezulu self-ukuzithemba, nto leyo ukuba ukufikelela usukelo.

Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, wayila kwazo kusale uphawu oluqaphelekayo kwimbali eyama, wafa-Oktobha 26, 1972.