Izixhobo zenyukliya: a okubulala kunye neminye imiba echaphazela

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izixhobo zenyukliya yenye yezi ntlobo ezininzi sapheleka WMD (izixhobo ngentshabalalo mass). Umgaqo layo lokusebenza isekelwe phezu reactions ngetyathanga kwenzeka inkqubo ye ngokucandeka yenyukliya izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezithile okanye fusion ukukhanya imichiza zibe nzima.

Nje ukuthetha, isenzo kweentlawulo zenyukliya kwenzeka nokuba ngokucandeka okanye fusion wenyukliya iiseli. Kwimeko yokuqala, ezi ziquka ezo iintsimbi badla ngokuthi uranium neplutoniyam. Le ezwi kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa hydrogen izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo eziFihliweyo kunye deuterium.

Ukongeza, phantsi izixhobo zenyukliya akubhekiselwanga kuphela iimbumbulu, kwaye zidityaniswe babo iindlela zolawulo kunye nokuhanjiswa add le ndawo.

Types of izixhobo zenyukliya

Ezakhiwe kwatshintsha kakhulu kolu hlobo izixhobo. Baya zinokukhuliselwa ngendlela ezase enomjukujelwa kunye zibhombu nasemigodini ngohlobo, ngokuba imijukujelwa zokudubula, torpedoes. Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo apho wavuma ukuba asasaze iimbumbulu: neutron, mbawula kunye namandla enyukliya. uhlobo ngalunye uneempawu zawo neempawu.

Ngoko ke, iintlawulo uhlobo neutron kuba umthamo omncinane phakathi ngasentla. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba litshitshiswe abasebenzi. Noko ke, nkqu dubulo yeqokobhe nangempi yayo ebulalayo lee naziphi na iintlobo ezingezo-nuclear kwezixhobo kumaxesha ezilikhulu ambalwa. amaqokobhe neutron zisetyenziswa izixhobo kwisigaba-ezimbini apho isambuku amandla ukhululeka ngenxa Yindibanisela nuclei. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngokuchanekileyo ujonge uhlobo mbawula.

iintlawulo Action mbawula esekelwe, njengokuba igama lixela, xa reactions fusion ezenzeka phakathi imichiza. Bona ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo kwisigaba-ezimbini apho ngaxeshanye, kodwa etyhutyha ezahlukeneyo, kuphuma iinkqubo ezimbini ngokwasemzimbeni: ngokucandeka nokumanyana yenyukliya. Kakuhle kwazeka kuwo onke, elithi "hydrogen" - lelinye igama ezahlukeneyo kwezixhobo yenyukliya.

Nezikhali, ezo igama kwezixhobo atomic nempukane ezisetyenziswa izixhobo ezi-. Basebenzisa reactions chain ngenxa ngokucandeka ngayo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo lunzima neplutoniyam neyuranium. Oku velisa imichiza ukukhanya. Iintlobo ezimbini zokugqibela iintlawulo zithathwa ukuba kakhulu buhlungu.

Le okubulala of a Inyukliya

Kukho izinto ezininzi echaphazela izixhobo zenyukliya zokubulala abantu abaninzi. Oku kuquka ukukhanya ukukhutshwa (malunga watts 1000 square sentimitha ngalinye 0,14 W ophuma lilanga), nto leyo ebangela ukunyuka elibukhali lobushushu yaye ngenxa yoko ukutsha zayo ezininzi (ukusuka bomvu ngobulali carbonization ngokupheleleyo), umonakalo iliso, imiphezulu umlilo . Oku kulandelwa ionizing radiation nongcoliseko radioactive yeendawo ezingqongileyo.

Ukwanda usebenzisa ifuthe ngqo nyhikityha, kwaye kuzakubangela kakhulu ukubetha electromagnetic. Okokugqibela, nangona yingozi ukuba izinto eziphilayo, uyazifohloza zonke izixhobo zobugcisa kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Kodwa esona sabelo sikhulu i yentshabalalo uyahlangabezana Njengokungeniswa otshangatshangiswayo ibhombu yenyukliya. Kuyinto ekuqaleni kummandla encinane, apho ngenxa kwandiswe umthamo igesi abilayo air ucinezelo elibukhali.

Loo kubangelwa zizinto ezimbini: iqondo lobushushu kwesigidi degrees kwi uqhushumbo uxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu efanayo. Ngaphezu koko, le gagasi yaneka ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kumbindi kuzo zonke iindlela, ebangela ukutshatyalaliswa yonke into ngendlela yayo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, njengoko umgama ukusuka kumthombo, yomtshangatshangiso ukothuka iba buthathaka kwaye supersonic iguqulelwa isandi.

Ubukhulu umonakalo nentshabalalo

Kuba izakhiwo nemiphumela songqamano ziya idilizwe uphahla, iingcango ezaphukileyo, umnqongo negilasi. Kananjalo apha iintanda evelayo ezindongeni zezakhiwo elikumgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa ke ukusondela kumbindi womhlaba, kungona ngobunzulu amaza kunye neziphumo ezimbi: ibizwa kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kuphela amacala asentla izakhiwo, kodwa nezakhiwo bade sithwele. I (indawo kunye nempumelelo) arcade agcinwe kuphela ngokuyinxenye kumzi okufuphi.

Akukho okubulala ngaphantsi etshabalalisayo ibhombu yenyukliya kunye nabantu. Kwitekisi kwezakhiwo kutshatyalaliswa, iiglasi ezaphukileyo, amatye kunye nezinye ebhabhela ngesantya esiphezulu, lo mbandela umxholo ngowona mthombo engangqalanga umonakalo ngokwasemzimbeni zonke izidalwa eziphilayo wabonakala kufutshane. Ukwalathisa izinto yonakalisa ziquka nzima lomoya (nokuba kumgama km-10 ukusuka isantya dubulo ifikelela ngaphezu kwe-100 km ngeyure) kunye nommandla koxinzelelo oluphezulu ngokugqithiseleyo.