Afrika: imbali yelizwekazikazi

Afrika, imbali yayo igcwele iimfihlelo zezimfihlakalo kwiimeko ezidlulileyo kunye nezogalelo zezopolitiko okwangoku lizwekazi, elibizwa ngokuba ngumntu wobomi. Izwekazi elikhulu lihlala kwindawo yesihlanu kulo lonke umhlaba emhlabeni, umhlaba wayo ucebile kwiidayimane kunye neemaminerali. Kwintshona kwandula iintlango ezingenasiphelo, ezinamandla kunye nezitshisa, kwiindawo ezisemzantsi zintlambo ezisemzantsi kunye neentlobo ezininzi zityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Akunakwenzeka ukukhankanya ukuhlukahluka kwezizwe kunye namacandelo ezwekazi, inani labo liyashintsha kwiindawo eziliqela eziliqela. Izizwe ezincinane zemizana emibini kunye nabantu abakhulu babadala belizwe eliyingqayizivele nelingqalileyo yelizwekazi "elimnyama".

Zingaphi amazwe kwilizwekazi, apho ufumana khona iAfrika, indawo yeendawo kunye nembali yophando, amazwe - konke oku uya kufunda kwinqaku.

Ivela kwimbali yelizwekazi

Imbali yokuphuhliswa kweAfrika yenye yeyona nto ingxamisekileyo kwimibandela yezinto zakudala. Kwaye, ukuba iYiputa yamandulo idonsa izazinzulu ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, lonke ilizwe lihlala "emthunzini" kude kube ngekhulu le-19. Ixesha eliphambili lelizwekazi lide kunabo bonke kwimbali yabantu. Kwakuye kuye eyona ndlela eyayiqala ngayo ubukho bama-hominids ahlala kwintsimi yaseTopiya yanamhlanje. Imbali ye-Asia kunye ne-Afrika yahamba ngendlela ekhethekileyo, ngenxa yeemeko zendawo, zadibaniswa ngorhwebo kunye nezopolitiko nangaphambi kweBronze Age.

Kucatshulwe ukuba uhambo lokuqala olujikeleze leli zwekazi lwenziwa nguFaro waseGibithe uNeko ngo-600 BC. Ngama-Middle Ages, abantu baseYurophu baqala ukubonisa umdla kuMzantsi Afrika, owenza ishishini ngokubanzi kunye nabantu basempuma. Iindwendwe zokuqala kwilizwekazi elikude zahlelwa yinkosana yasePutukezi, yakuba yintoni apho iCape Boyadore ifunyenwe kwaye isiphetho esiyiphutha senziwa ukuba yiyona ndawo ekusezantsi kweAfrika. Kwiminyaka kamva, esinye isiPutukezi - uBotolomeo Diaz ngo-1487 savula iCape of Good Hope. Emva kokuphumelela kwenkqubela yakhe, kwamanye amagunya amakhulu aseYurophu adonsela e-Afrika. Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni kwexesha le-16 leminyaka, yonke imimandla yaselunxwemeni lolwandle lwafunyanwa yiPutukezi, isiNgesi kunye neSpeyin. Kwaye kwaqala imbali yekoloniyali yamazwe aseAfrika kunye nentengiso yekhoboka elisebenzayo.

Indawo yeendawo

I-Afrika yilizwekazi elinesibini elikhulu, elinemihlaba engama-30.3 yezigidi zemitha. Km. Isuka ukusuka kumzantsi ukuya ngasentla ukuya kumgama we-8000 km, kwaye ukusuka empuma kuya entshonalanga - 7500 km. Izwe libhekiselele kwiindawo eziphambili. Kwindawo engasenyakatho-ntshona kukho iintaba zeAtlas, kunye neNtaba yaseSahara - iziqithi zaseTibesti neAhaggar, empuma - iintaba zaseTopiya, eningizimu - i-Draconian kunye neNtaba zaseKapa.

Imbali yendawo yeAfrika ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nesiNgesi. Ukubonakala kwinqanaba le-19 leminyaka, bahlolisisa, bafumanisa izinto zemvelo eziqhayisa ngobuhle kunye nobukhulu bayo: iVictoria Falls, iChad Lake, i-Kivu, u-Edward, u-Albert, njl. Afrika inomnye wemifula emikhulu ehlabathini-iNayile, Ukuqala kwexesha kwakuyindawo yokuphucula imveliso yaseYiputa.

Ilizwekazi liyona nto iyashisa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngenxa yendawo yayo. Ummandla wonke we-Afrika usemimandla eshushu yemozulu kwaye uwela nge-equator.

Ilizwekazi licebile kakhulu kwiimaminerali. Ihlabathi liyazi idibansi enkulu kwiZimbabwe kunye naseMzantsi Afrika, igolide kwiGhana, eCongo naseMali, ioli kwiAlgeria naseNigeria, i-iron kunye ne-lead-zinc ores kummandla osenyakatho.

Ukuqala kokoloni

Imbali yekoloniyali yamazwe ase-Asiya kunye ne-Afrika ineengcambu ezinzulu kakhulu, ezivela kwixesha elidala. Iimvavanyo zokuqala zokuzithoba kula mazwe ngabantu baseYurophu bathatha i-7th-5th centuries. BC, xa amaGrike amaninzi ahlala khona kummandla welizwekazikazi. Oku kwalandelwa lixesha elide le-Hellenization yaseYiputa ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kweAlexandro Omkhulu.

Emva koko, phantsi koxinzelelo lwemikhosi emininzi yaseRoma, phantse ulwandle olusempumalanga lweAfrika lwahlanganiswa. Nangona kunjalo, kwakunzima kakhulu ukutshatyalaliswa, iintlanga zaseBergber zazingena entlango.

Afrika kuma-Middle Ages

Ngexesha lokuncipha kweBukhosi baseByzantine, imbali ye-Asia ne-Afrika yenza ukuguquka okubukhali kwindlela eyahlukileyo kwimpucuko yaseYurophu. I-Berbers eyomeleleyo ekugqibeleni yabhubhisa amaziko enkcubeko yamaKristu eNyakatho Afrika, "ukuhlanjululwa" kwintsimi yabanqobi abatsha - ama-Arabhu, awathathela ama-Islam kunye nawo aze agxotha uMbuso waseByzantium. Ngenkulungwane yesibhozo, ubukho baseYurophu bokuqala eAfrika bungekho nil.

I-cardinal turning point yafika kuphela kwiinqanaba zokugqibela ze-Reconquista, xa kakhulu iPutukezi kunye namaSpanish ayinqobile i-Peninsula yase-Iberia kwaye agxininisa amehlo abo echwebeni elingaphandle kweStrait of Gibraltar. Ngekhulu le-15 nele-16 baholele umgaqo osebenzayo wokunqoba e-Afrika, ukufumana amanqaku amaninzi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 leminyaka. Bahlanganiswa yiFrentshi, iBritish kunye namaDatshi.

Imbali entsha ye-Asia ne-Afrika yayisondelelene kakhulu ngenxa yezinto ezininzi. Ukurhweba kwezantsi kwintlango yaseSahara, eyenziwa ngamandla ngamazwe ase-Arab, kwakhokelela ekoloni ngokuthe gqolo kwiphondo lonke lasempumalanga. IWest Africa iye yaqina. Kwakukho iindawo zeArabhu, kodwa iinzame zeMorocco zokulawula le ntsimi aziphumelelanga.

Umncintiswano weAfrika

Ulwahlulo lwekoloni yeli zwekazi ukusuka kwinqanaba lesibini le-19 leminyaka ukugqitywa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kwathiwa uhlanga lwaseAfrika. Eli xesha lalinokubambisana nokukhuphisana okunamandla kunye nolawulo oluphambili lwe-imperialist yaseYurophu ekwenzeni imisebenzi yempi kunye nomsebenzi wophando kulo mmandla, ekugqibeleni yayijoliswe ekuthatheni amazwe amasha. Ngokukodwa inkqubo eyenziwe emva kokuthotyelwa kwiNkomfa yaseBerlin ngo-1885 yoMthetho-jikelele, owamemezela umgaqo wokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ingqikra yecandelo le-Afrika yimbambano yempi phakathi kweFransi neBrithani ngo-1898, eyenzeka kwiNayile Ephezulu.

Ngowe-1902, i-90% yommandla we-Afrika yayingaphantsi kolawulo lwabantu baseYurophu. Kuphela iLiberia ne-Ethiopia bakwazi ukukhusela ukuzimela kwabo kunye nenkululeko. Ngokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi YeyokuQala, uhlanga lwamaKoloni lwaphela, kwaye ngenxa yoko, phantse yonke i-Afrika yahlula. Imbali yokuphuhliswa kweenkoloni yaqhubeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kumntu ophantsi kwesikhuselo sakhe. Izinto ezinkulu kakhulu zaseFransi naseBrithani, ngaphantsi kwePortugal naseJamani. KwiiYurophu, iAfrika yayiyimvelaphi ebalulekileyo yezinto ezibonakalayo, izityela kunye nabasebenzi abancinci.

Unyaka wokuzimela

Ukuguqulwa kwango-1960, xa enye emva komnye amazwe aseAfrika aqala ukuphuma emandleni amakhulu. Kakade, le nkqubo ayizange iqale kwaye ayizange iphele ngexesha elifutshane. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-1960 kwathiwa "yi-Afrika".

Afrika, apho imbali ayizange ibe yodwa kwihlabathi lonke, yaba yindlela enye okanye enye, kodwa yaye yafakwa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Inxalenye esemantla yelizwekazi lachaphazeleka yimisebenzi yempi, iikholoni zagqitywa ngaphandle kwamandla abo okugqibela ukubonelela ngeedolophu ngokutya kunye nokutya, kunye nabantu. Izigidi zabantu baseAfrika zithatha inxaxheba kwimibhikisho, abaninzi "bahlala" kwiYurophu kamva. Nangona imeko yehlabathi yezopolitiko kwilizwekazi "elimnyama", iminyaka yemfazwe ibonakaliswe ngophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, le yithuba apho iindawo, amachweba, ama-airfield kunye neendlela zokuhamba, ama-enterprises kunye namajelo akhiwe, njl njl.

Ujikelezo olutsha lwembali yamazwe ase-Afrika lufunyenwe emva kokuthotyelwa kweMigaqo-mali yaseBrithani yase- Britantic , eqinisekisile ilungelo labantu ngokuzikhethela. Yaye nangona iipolitiki zazama ukuchaza ukuba zithetha ngezizwe ezihlala eJapan naseJamani, i-coloni yachaza lo mbhalo kwaye uyayithanda. Kwimiba yokufumana ukuzimela, iAfrika yayikude phambili kwi-Asia ephuhlisiweyo.

Nangona ilungelo elingavunyelwanga ngokuzimela, amaYurophu awazange akhuphe ukuba "ayeke" amaqolonti eluhambo lwabo lwamahhala, kwaye kwiminyaka elishumi emva kwemfazwe, nayiphi na indlela yokuzimela yanyanzeliswa. Kwimeko apho iBrithani ngo-1957 inika inkululeko eGhana, imeko ephuhliswe kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, yaba yimeko. Ekupheleni kowe-1960, isiqingatha se-Afrika sasizimele. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kwavela, akuzange kube nesiqinisekiso nantoni na.

Ukuba ubeka ingqalelo kwimephu, uya kubona ukuba i-Afrika, eneembali ezibuhlungu kakhulu, ihlukaniswe ngamazwe ngokucacileyo kunye nemigca. Abantu baseYurophu abazange bangene kwiinkcubeko kunye neenkcubeko zelizwekazi, behlula intsimi ngokwabo. Ngenxa yoko, iintlanga ezininzi zahlukana ngamaqela amaninzi, ezinye zihlangene kunye neentshaba ezifungelweyo. Emva kokufumana ukuzimela, konke lokhu kwazala iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanga, iimfazwe zembutho, ukubethelwa kwezempi kunye nokubhujiswa.

Inkululeko yafunyanwa, yinto enokuyenza ngayo akukho mntu wayazi. Abantu baseYurophu bashiya, bathabatha nabo bonke into enokuthi ithathwe. Cishe zonke iisistim, kubandakanywa nemfundo, unyango lwezempilo kufuneka ludalwe ukususela ekuqaleni. Kwakungekho nabasebenzi, akukho zixhobo, akukho migaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle.

Amazwe kunye neendawo ezixhomekeke kwiindawo zaseAfrika

Njengoko sele kukhankanywe ngasentla, imbali yokufunyanwa kweAfrika yaqala ixesha elide edlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlasela kwabantu baseYurophu kunye neenkulungwane zekhosi yobukhosi bekholoni kwakhokelela ekubeni iimeko ezizimeleyo zemihlaba yelizwekazi zenzeke ngokwenene kwihafu yesibini yesibini yekhulu le-20. Kunzima ukusho ukuba ilungelo lokuzimela lizisa ukuchuma kule ndawo. I-Afrika isacinga ukuba yindoda ephindaphinda phambili ekuphuhlisweni kwelizwekazi, kodwa inayo yonke imithombo efunekayo yobomi obuqhelekileyo.

Okwangoku, ilizwekazi linabantu abanama-1 037 694 509-oku malunga ne-14% yabemi behlabathi. Intsimi yelizwe lihlukaniswe ngamazwe angama-62, kodwa i-54 kuphela eyaziwayo yilizwe elizimeleyo lehlabathi. Kule ndawo, kumazwe angama-10 esiqithi, 37 - kunye nokufikelela okubanzi kwiilwandle kunye nolwandle kunye ne-16.

Kwiingqungquthela, iAfrika yilizwekazi, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ixhomekeke kwiziqithi ezikufutshane. Abanye babo baseBurophu. Kuquka iRwanda Reunion, iMeotte, iPortugal Madeira, iSpeyin Melilla, iCeuta, iIanary Islands, iziqithi zesiNgesi zaseSt Helena, iTristan da Cunha kunye ne-Ascension.

Amazwe aseAfrika ahlukaniswe ngokwahlukileyo ngamaqela angama-4 kuxhomekeke kwindawo yendawo: enyakatho, entshonalanga, esempuma nasempuma. Ngamanye amaxesha ummandla ophakathi ukwahlukaniswa ngokwahlukileyo.

Amazwe aseNyakatho Afrika

UMntla Afrika ubizwa ngokuba ngummandla omkhulu kakhulu kunye ne-10 million m ² , kwaye ininzi yayo iyintlango yaseSahara. Yilapho iinqununu ezinkulu zelizwe zifumaneka: iSudan, iLibiya, iYiputa kunye neAlgeria. Inani elithile lamazwe kwinqanaba elisenyakatho lesibhozo, ngoko ke kubalulwe kufuneka bongezwe eSudan, SADR, Morocco, Tunisia.

Imbali yakutshanje yamazwe ase-Asiya kunye ne-Afrika (esifundeni esenyakatho) inxulumene ngokuthe ngqo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, intsimi yayingaphantsi kwekhuselo lamazwe aseYurophu, bafumana ukuzimela kwi-50-60. Inkulungwane yokugqibela. Ukusondela kweendawo ukuya kwelinye ilizwekazi (i-Asiya kunye neYurophu) kunye nobudlelwane bendabuko obude bexesha elide kunye nezoqoqosho kunye nalo budlala indima. Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuhlisweni, iNtshona Afrika isesikweni esingcono kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa noMzantsi. Mhlawumbi ngaphandle kweSudan kuphela. I-Tunisia inezoqoqosho olukhuphiswano kakhulu kwilizwekazi lonke, iLibya neAlgeria zivelisa i-gesi kunye neoli eyithumela ngaphandle, iMorocco i-mining phosphate. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi isabandakanyeka kwicandelo lezolimo. Isebe elibalulekileyo loqoqosho lwaseLibya, iTunisia, iYiputa kunye neMorocco liphuhlisa ukhenketho.

Isixeko esikhulu kunazo zonke abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-9 yi-Cairo yaseYiputa, inani labanye aligqithisi ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 - iCasablanca, i-Alexandria. Uninzi lwabantu baseAfrika abasenyakatho bahlala kwizixeko, bangamaSulumane baze bathethe isiArabhu. Kwamanye amazwe, enye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni isiFrentshi. Ummandla waseNyakatho Afrika ucebile kwizikhumbuzo zembali yamandulo kunye nezokwakha, izinto zendalo.

Kucetywayo kwakhona ukuphuhlisa iprojekthi yaseYurophu yaseDesertec enobungcali - ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo enkulu yezityalo zelanga kwintlango yaseSahara.

ENtshona Afrika

Intsimi ye-West Africa ifikelela kumzantsi we-Sahara ephakathi, ihlanjwe ngamanzi e-Atlantic Ocean, ngasempuma ixhomekeke kwiintaba zaseCameroon. Kukho ama-savannas namahlathi ashushu, kunye nokuntula ngokupheleleyo kwezityalo eSahel. Kuze kube mzuzu xa abaseYurophu beza kunxweme kule nxalenye ye-Afrika, bekukho iindawo ezifana ne-Mali, iGhana kunye ne-Songhai. Isiqithi saseGuinea siye sabizwa ngokuba "ingcwaba yabamhlophe" ngenxa yezifo ezinobungozi ezingavamile kubantu baseYurophu: umkhuhlane, i-malariya, ukugula ukugula, njl. Ngomzuzu, iqela lamazwe aseNtshona Koloni liquka iKameroon, iGhana, iGambia, iBurkina Faso, EBenin, eGuinea, eGuinea-Bissau, eKapa Verde, eLiberia, eMauritania, eCôte d'Ivoire, eNiger, eMali, eNigeria, eSierra Leone, eTogo, eSenegal.

Imbali yakutshanje yamazwe aseAfrika kuloo mmandla iphazamiseke yimibutho yempi. Insimu iyahlanjululwa yimpikiswano emininzi phakathi kweenkcubeko zase-Yurophu ezithetha isiNgesi kunye nesiFrentshi. Iingqinisiso azikho kuphela kumqobo wolwimi, kodwa nakwiindawo zokujonga umhlaba, iingqondo. Kukho amabala atshisayo eLiberia naseSierra Leone.

Isithuthi seendlela sisaphuhliswa kakuhle kwaye, enyanisweni, lilifa leminyaka yekoloniyali. Amazwe aseNtshona Koloni aphakathi kwezona zihluphekileyo kwihlabathi. Ngoxa iNigeria, umzekelo, inezibonelelo ezinkulu zeoli.

EMpuma Afrika

Ummandla welizwe, oquka amazwe angasempuma yoMlambo iNayile (ngaphandle kweYiputa), i-anthropologists ithi umnqweno woluntu. Bekulapha, ngokombono wabo, ookhokho bethu bahlala.

Lo mmandla unzima kakhulu, iimbambano ziba yimfazwe, kubandakanywa ngokuqhelekileyo. Phantse zonke ziyakhiwa ngezizathu zobuhlanga. EMpuma Afrika inabantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu mabini amazwe angamaqela eelwimi ezine. Ngexesha leenkoloni, intsimi yahlula ngaphandle kokuqwalasela le nyaniso, njengoko sele ikhankanywe, imida yenkcubeko neyendalo yayingabonwa. Ubunzima bokungquzulwano luyakunqanda kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kommandla.

I-East Africa iquka amazwe alandelayo: iMauritius, iKenya, i-Burundi, i-Djibouti, iComoros, iMadagascar, iMalawi, i-Rwanda, i-Mozambique, i-Seychelles, i-Uganda, iTanzania, iSomalia, iTopiya, iSouth Sudan, iEritrea.

EMzantsi Afrika

Ummandla waseMzantsi Afrika unomyinge omangalisayo welizwe. Kukho amazwe amahlanu kuwo. Ngokufanayo: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, eMzantsi Afrika. Bonke badibanise kwimanyano yamasiko aseMzantsi Afrika, ekhutshwe kunye nokuhweba ngokuyinhloko ngeoli kunye neadayimane.

Imbali yakutsha yeAfrika kumzantsi ixhunywe negama lombhali owaziwayo uNelson Mandela (ochazwe), owanikezela ubomi bakhe kumzabalazo wenkululeko yommandla ukusuka kwiidolophu ezinkulu.

EMzantsi Afrika, umongameli kabani na iminyaka emi-5, ngoku lizwe kakhulu kuphuhliswa kwilizwekazi kunye enye kuphela ezo nto zinxulumene kwi "World Okwesithathu" didi. Uqoqosho Kwaphuhliswa kuvumela ukuba luthathe indawo 30 phakathi onke amazwe ngokungqinelana IMF. It has a oovimba esisityebi kunene lwezixhobo zendalo. Kwakhona enye iyimpumelelo nophuhliso Afrika kuqoqosho Botswana. Kwindawo yokuqala kukho imfuyo nezolimo ngomlinganiselo zinkulu geni iidayimani, kunye neeminerali.