Astronomical Pulkovo Observatory

Pulkovo Observatory - kwiziko leyo kakhulu enxibelelene kwimbali yonke ngeenkwenkwezi Russian. Ekuqaleni ukuba isetyenziswe njengendawo okubonwayo, ezibe amashishini eziyimfuneko wendawo ubukhosi tsarist. Observatory wadalwa kunye ukusombulula iingxaki ngeenkwenkwezi ezenziwayo. Umqala wamantla ayo ezukileyo yaqhutywa ngomhla 08.19.1839, i

Imbali yayo indalo zakhiwo kazwelonke

Yaziswa yi uPetros Enkulu ukuba bafunde ezininzi zenzululwazi ngqo kwaye izicelo zazo ngokoqobo. Ngelo xesha ndafumana inkxaso kuphuhliso ngeenkwenkwezi kwaye nokukhuthaza impumelelo inkosi ethandekayo loo navigation. Ojikelezayo eNgilani Denmark, uPetros I ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuzama ukuya kula mazwe zixhotyiswe Astronomical Observatory.

Ngo-1724 waseka Academy of Sciences. konyaka omnye kamva, ukuvulwa Astronomical Observatory yokuqala eRashiya, elisuke laba omnye kakhulu eYurophu. Pet Veliky wahlawula ingqalelo enkulu ukuba zikwazi iziko. Zonke ziyafumaneka ngexesha izixhobo eziboniswe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu wophando.

Ukuvulwa Pulkovo Observatory

Vasiliy Yakovlevich Struve waseka kwisikolo esitsha ngeenkwenkwezi. Oku kukhokelele ekuyilweni le zokuqhelaniswa entsha ziko. Baba Pulkovo Observatory, isakhiwo ogama wawusakhiwa wezakhiwo A. odumileyo P. Bryullova. kakhulu indawo evumelana wakhethwa ngenxa yale ndawo.

Pulkovo Observatory yayakhelwe phezu kwentaba, kunye ukuphakama 75 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Kwelinye icala Pulkovo singqongwe amadlelo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ethintela uphando inkungu ndiluthuli ukuphumeza ngaphaya ezinqwenelekayo okubonwayo umoya. Ukongeza, V. Ya. Struve, owaba umlawuli wokuqala iziko, wayeqinisekile ukuba umgama ukusuka kwikomkhulu osemantla neekhilomitha elinesixhenxe kuya kuba luncedo ukuba izazi, ngaphandle ngokubanika ithuba wonwabe.

imisebenzi ephambili

Pulkovo Observatory ukususela emnyango yayo idlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwe ngeenkwenkwezi. Kulo mzekelo, oku kufanele yabizwa ngokuba likomkhulu ngeenkwenkwezi zehlabathi. Ngenxa yemigudu Observatory V. Ya. Struve yaba zamvanje ukuze ixesha izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. Ukongeza, ingxowa-mali yayo zamathala wayebunjwa yeengqokelela best iincwadi ezizodwa.

Observatory echaza iinjongo kwi siseko walo. Iinjongo eziphambili kuzo ukusombulula nabasebenzi bophando imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- esisigxina yaye imigqaliselo ngexesha eziphuculweyo efanayo eyenza igalelo kwinkqubela ngeenkwenkwezi;

- yemveliso kokuma, iziphumo kuzo kubalulekile zoMbuso, kwakunye kwimisebenzi yayo ngokwezelizwe kunye noshishino;

- Ukuphuculwa Ukukhawuleziswa astronomi zepraktikhali, ukuziqhelanisa yayo lwamaqosha nokwakheka.

izixhobo

Ukukhetha izixhobo ephawulekayo Observatory yaveliswa ngu V. Ya. Struve. Kulo mzekelo, Vasily Yakovlevich weza evela sokuqondwa ngokucacileyo oko sichaze inzululwazi zezulu ngelo xesha, kwakunye uqikelelo iinguqulelo ezininzi mhlawumbi yophuhliso lwayo.

Phambi kokuba abasebenzi bakhe uphando V. Ya. Struve ubeke umsebenzi ukuqinisekisa isikhokelo isindululo iinkwenkwezi, kwakunye ukumisela imigama kwezi imizimba yasezulwini. Kuphuhliso sakhe izixhobo ekhethekileyo enamandla zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka ofunekayo imisebenzi iye kwakhiwa.

izifundo phambili

Umsebenzi e Pulkovo baba bakhulu kwaye nzima. Xa gqira zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba baqalisa ukuba kuqhutywa uphando astrophysical. injongo yabo yayikukuba ukufumana uhlalutyo ecacicleyo kunye nofundo lokuba utshintsho lokukhanya lwemizimba ogcwele. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela baqalisa kubanjwa umsebenzi uhlobo astrometry Yayiyimifanekiso ubucukubhede izikhakhamela. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuqaphela loo Ilanga kunye nezibonda komhlaba efunda intshukumo.

Kuthiwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini nangoku Observatory Pulkovo ngomnye nje enkulu ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, ubume beziko ngeenkwenkwezi zehlabathi, ukuba sele ebilahlekile. Pulkovo Observatory liziko zokusuphavayiza esihle, kodwa akazange eme intloko lweentsingiselo entsha umsebenzi zenzululwazi. injongo yayo ukuba baqokelele iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo lokuqwalasela kwaye acacise iinkcukacha ezithile.

Ithuba Soviet

Ebudeni beminyaka kwamandla eSoviet i Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory kwakhona kwindlela ibuyambo ekhawulezileyo kunye nophuhliso imisebenzi yayo. ESoviet Union wavula amaziko amatsha mkhanya imizimba yasezulwini. Ngokukhawuleza yaqala ukuvela kunye nemifanekiso ngeenkwenkwezi.

Pulkovo Observatory lifumene izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo ezitsha, nto leyo eye wavumela ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi ngenzululwazi ngokungangqalanga. Kubonakele ekusekweni lofakelo enkulu solar - spectrograph littrovsky. Yena ukuba sele ngo-1923 ukuya ukuqalisa isifundo ujikeleziso elanga. Ngelo xesha nye zenzeka nokufunda ngezenzeko ezenzeka emzimbeni wasezulwini. Le nkqubo kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke spectrographs tridtsatidyuymovom refractor.

Esinye isixhobo entsha lixhotyiswe kweli xesha isikhungo Pulkovo. Baba astrograph band. Uyayazi ukuba ukuqala uluhlu olubanzi izifundo galactic esimnyama, kwakunye isakhiwo Milky Way. Ukongeza, i-Observatory lixhotyiswe kwanofakelo zexabiso kunye nezixhobo nebaluleke gqitha astrometric mihla kunye nophando Astrographic.

Ngexesha ingcinezelo eyenziwa iminyaka kolawulo Stalin kaThixo, wenzakala kakhulu kuze Pulkovo. Izazi ezininzi asolwa ngokubandakanyeka kwimibutho abagrogrisi aze abulawe.

Ukususela kanye ekuqaleni kwemfazwe ka-1941-1945, i-Observatory yathotyelwa kwimeko eqhuma waseJamani. Ngenxa zonke izakhiwo zawo wabatshabalalisa, kodwa inkoliso izixhobo kunye ithala ekhethekileyo wasinda.

ukululama

Ngexesha lemfazwe, abanye abasebenzi Observatory waya ngaphambili, ngoxa abanye babehlala yaye besebenza kulo Tashkent Observatory. Emva kokuba Victory Enkulu, ngeenkwenkwezi waqhubeka ukusebenza, ukuhlala kwizakhiwo ze-Arctic Institute, sise Fontanka, 38.

Ukususela ngo-1946, kukubuyisela kwayo Observatory kwindawo endala. Ngowe-1954 oko wavulwa. Ekuhambeni umsebenzi ayenza izakugcinwa amaziko pre-imfazwe functionality. Ezi zixhobo okusinda neziphumo luyasebenza, zaphuculwa waza kusetyenziswa kuphando kwakhona. Ukongeza, izixhobo leyo eya kuthi yongezwe dvadtsatishestidyuymovym refractor Array, telescope yokuthathwa polar, interferometer obalaseleyo, njalo-njalo. D.

iziphumo zomsebenzi

Pulkovo Observatory, leyo imbali ibonisa ukubaluleka kwale ziko, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uyaqhubeka umsebenzi uphando olubanzi izimpi ezininzi. Kulapha ukuba ndlela yenziwe ngokuphathelele imigqaliselo ngeenkwenkwezi, ijonge ukumisela kwakhona kwindawo eyiyo iinkwenkwezi. Ukongeza, ukuba izazinzulu ye Pulkovo Observatory ukudala weefayili, nto leyo ukumisela ukuthabatheka efanelekileyo iminyele neenkwenkwezi. Idatha ezi izigqibo baba Imigqaliselo lokushicilela. izazinzulu Observatory wafunda iinkwenkwezi kunye neenkqubo zabo zomhlaba. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe ngethuba ixesha elide-operation oluqhubekayo. Kwakhona imfundiso refraction esesibhakabhakeni iye yaphuhliswa.

I Pulkovo Observatory olwenziwe uthotho izifundo zazo ngeenkwenkwezi kwesayensi ezibalaseleyo. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo: Ubhaqo isantya, leyo zijikeleza iiplanethi ezinkulu, qinisekisa amakhonkco ngokomfuniselo nokuqhekeka planethi likaSaturn, ubungqina bokuba kweenkwenkwezi kwiiklasi zokuqala ecacicleyo phendula ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye njalo

amasebe

Ekhaya Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory-ofisi. Bathwala kwakhona umsebenzi esisiseko. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali Observatory ndikudalile Kislovodsk Intaba Astronomical Station, kwakunye laboratory Blagoveshchensk. isebe Simeiz ngo-1945 yaba yinxalenye iCrimea Astrophysical Observatory.

kubonwe Pulkovo

Main Astronomical Observatory of Russia - kuba yindawo umdla kakhulu. Iindwendwe ayikwazi ukunceda uziva ukuba sasi kwisa- akunjalo.

Pulkovo Observatory ulungiselela Iihambo nje kuphela ngemini kodwa ebusuku. Kubo kukho irekhodi lokuqala. Ixesha nawuphi na. Konke kuxhomekeke ukuzimisela abatyeleli.

Iihambo kwi Pulkovo Observatory kwiveki baqeshwa kuphela xa imozulu intle. Kodwa umthetho, amaqela ndawonye ngeempelaveki. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba abo abanqwenela ukutyelela Observatory ngoMgqibelo nangeCawa Entry ivula ngoLwesithathu okanye ngoLwesine.

Pulkovo Observatory ukhenketho thembisa amaqela kwakhiwa, eziquka kunye iiklasi zesikolo. Izazi yaye izazinzulu baziqhelanise iindwendwe kunye nembali kwendalo leziko. Baxelele ulwazi ngezenzeko umdla iqatshelwe isithuba, kwaye ke ukuba nokuba axhamle imizimba yasezulwini, akukhangela kwi kweteleskopu, ibekwe phantsi kophahla Cyber kunye ngeenxa ojikeleza. Ngamaxesha anjalo, nayiphi sightseer kuvakale ngathi zezenzululwazi ngokwenene. Kwi iindwendwe Uhambo ngobusuku wondela evulekileyo umhlaba kwenkqubo solar ngokuchasene esibhakabhakeni esimnyama, izihloko inkwenkwezi. Ngexesha excursions wacela ukutyelela Observatory Museum kwaye ubukele ifilimu ezintweni indawo 3D.

Masonwabe kwaye thatha uhambo Pulkovo entabeni. On emdeni wayo ungabona izakhiwo ezininzi emise Isimanga kunye nenjongo engaziwayo. Ukongeza, epakini, engaquki kufikelele ingxolo mzi, kukho abaninzi protini. Zingatya ezandleni ngqo. Ubude nohambo ziiyure ezimbini, kwaye indleko yalo - kwisithuba engange ezingamakhulu amahlanu.

indawo umdla yaye okumangalisayo kukuba Observatory Pulkovo. Idilesi yeziko - Pulkovo Highway 65.

museum

Tours kuqhutywa abadala kunye nabantwana, baziqhelanise iindwendwe kunye nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi edlulileyo Russian, ngokunjalo nomnikelo walo. imiboniso eyodwa Museum, ibekwe kwesakhiwo i-Pulkovo Observatory, - i computing kunye nezixhobo yokulinganisa, izixhobo ucando, ngokukhanya ze ngezibonakude ezinkulu kwiinkulungwane ngaphambili. Lubeke kwakhona eni of ngeenkwenkwezi kunye izazinzulu yexesha elidlulileyo.

Museum of the Pulkovo Observatory ibekwe endaweni engaqhelekanga. Esebenzisa iziko iHolo Round wayo eyipasile okuyi. Ibizwa ngokuba "Pulkovo".

Zazi lwezona ezintsha kunye nophuhliso ngeenkwenkwezi ngoku akunzima. Pulkovo Observatory ine indawo Internet (http: // www gao spb ru ...). Ukutyelela kuyo, unako ukufunda uncwadi ngeenkwenkwezi yakutshanje, funda iindaba zakutshanje bafunde okuninzi malunga lamandulo nelangoku "nenzululwazi yasezulwini."