Iinkwenkwezi White: igama, inkcazelo, iimpawu

Ukuba ujonga ngokusondeleyo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, kulula ukuqaphela ukuba iinkwenkwezi, abakhangele kwi kuthi, ezahlukeneyo ngebala. Oluhlaza, omhlophe, obomvu, ukuba anencasa yokudanyaza, ngathi leKrismesi umthi ngokombingeleli. Umahluko telescope Umbala ziyacaca. Isizathu ekhokelela loo iyantlukwano siyifumana iqondo lobushushu photosphere. Kwaye, nangona ingcamango ubhalo, ishushu ayikho aluhlaza, namhlophe kunye eluhlaza kunye neenkwenkwezi ezimhlophe. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

yokwahlukanisa ecacicleyo

Iinkwenkwezi - iibhola ezinkulu yigolide evuthiweyo, ezibandakanya igesi. Ukuze, njengokuba sibona ukuba Umhlaba, ixhomekeke abaninzi iparameters. Umzekelo, iinkwenkwezi musa okunene injabulo. Bona oku Kulula kakhulu; kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ilanga. ukusebenza yokudanyaza kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukukhanya imizimba yasezulwini kuthi, uleyisayo eliphakathi oluphakathi, ezele eluthulini kunye negesi. Enye into - umbala. Kuyinto ngenxa kweqokobhe zokufudumeza (ingakumbi photosphere) kumaqondo ezithile. Umbala elichanileyo kwahluka, kodwa umahluko idla ezincinane.

Namhlanje, ehlabathini lonke wasebenzisa Harvard yokuhlela ecacicleyo leenkwenkwezi. Oku kusekelwe lobushushu kunye ifomu kunye intensities usisizalwane imigca ecacicleyo. Iklasi nganye elivumelana njengeenkwenkwezi umbala ethile. Ulwahlulo yaba Harvard Observatory ngo-1890-1924 gg.

A ehlambulukileyo-achetywe Imihla eliNgesi etshisa njengoko iminqathe

Fundamental ecacicleyo iiklasi zibe sixhenxe: O-B-A-F-G-K-M. Olu luhlu lubonisa ukuhla kancinane lobushushu (ukusuka O ukuya M). Ngokuba kuye, kukho iifomyula ezikhethekileyo ngehloko mnemonic. In Russian, omnye kubo: "A ehlambulukileyo-achetywe Imihla eliNgesi etshisa njengoko iminqathe." Ezi klasi dibanisa ezimbini ngaphezulu. Iileta S no C zibonakaliswe yingqele ukukhanya oxides metal kwi zazo. Cinga iiklasi ogcwele ngakumbi:

• Kwi sigaba iqondo lobushushu liphezulu (30 to 60 tysyach Kelvin). Stars of olu hlobo kune ilanga ngokobunzima-60, yaye radially - izihlandlo ezili-15. okubonakala umbala - oluhlaza. Likhanya ke ngaphambi inkwenkwezi wethu ngaphezu kwesigidi amaxesha. Blue Star HD93129A, yelo eklasini, luphawulwa ngomnye izalathi inkulu iqaqambile zamaqumrhu eyaziwa yasezulwini. Ukubeka ngaphambi amaxesha yezigidi Sun-5. Blue Star sise kumgama 7500 iminyaka elula kuthi.
• Class B abe lobushushu 10-30 amawaka Kelvin, esinobunzima izihlandlo ezili-18 ngaphezu parameter efanayo kwelanga. Oku iinkwenkwezi ezimhlophe yaye eziluhlaza namhlophe. uluhlu wabo mkhulu kunolo Sun, amaxesha 7.
• Class A mazinga 7.5-10 amawaka Kelvin radius kunye ubunzima mkhulu 2.1 no 3.1 amaxesha ngokulandelelana efanayo iparameters ilanga. Oku iinkwenkwezi ezimhlophe.
• Iklasi F: lobushushu 6000-7500 K. Massa elanga ngakumbi izihlandlo 1.7, embindini - 1.3. On Earth, efana nenkwenkwezi njengoko kubonakala emhlophe, umbala wabo bokwenyaniso - bulubhelu ezimhlophe.
• Iklasi G: lobushushu 5-6 amawaka Kelvin. Le iklasi kuquka ilanga. I okubonakalayo kunye lokwenyaniso umbala kwezi nkwenkwezi - emthubi.
• Iklasi K: 3500-5000 K. lobushushu ubunzima kunye owela ngaphakathi kwama-ngaphantsi elanga i-0.9 kunye namaxesha 0.8 ehambelana ukukhanya parameter. Zibonakale Umbala osezantsi ezi iinkwenkwezi - emthubi-orange.
• Udidi M: 2-3,5 amawaka Kelvin lobushushu. Ubunzima kunye radius - 0.3 no 0.4 kweLanga iparameters efanayo. Phezu iplanethi yethu, zikhangeleka bomvu naorenji. Iklasi M zezethu Beta kunye Alpha Andromedae Chanterelles. Ikhwezi eliqaqambileyo ebomvu, eziqhelekileyo abaninzi - yi Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). Kungcono ukujonga kuyo isibhakabhaka ebusika. Red Star ibekwe ngasentla kwaye kancinane ukuya ngasekhohlo ibhanti Orion kaThixo.

Iklasi nganye yahlulwe subclasses 0 ukuya 9, oko kukuthi, ukususela ishushu ukuya abanda. iinkwenkwezi Non ibonisa besekhaya uhlobo oluthile ecacicleyo kunye iqondo ngokushushubeza le photosphere kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkwenkwezi kwi qela. Umzekelo, ilanga libhekisela iklasi G2.

amhlophe ezibonwayo

Ngoko ke, kwiiklasi inkwenkwezi B nge F unakho ukujonga imhlophe Earth. Kuphela izinto ezinxulumene i-A-uhlobo, kufuneka umbala eneneni. Ngenxa yoko, Nenkwenkwezi Saif (Orion) kunye Algol (Beta Persei) njengombukeli, kungekhona teleskopu exhobileyo ibonakale imhlophe. Basonta iklasi B. ecacicleyo imibala zabo oyinyaniso - eluhlaza namhlophe. Kwakhona abonakale emhlophe Mifrak kunye Procyon, inkwenkwezi aqaqambe kumanani zesibhakabhaka Perseus kunye Canis Minor. Noko ke, umbala wabo wenene kufutshane tyheli (udidi F).

Kutheni iinkwenkwezi amhlophe ukuba mkhanyo emhlabeni? Umbala wazo ngenxa umgama omkhulu esahlula umhlaba wethu izinto ezinjalo, kwakunye umthamo igesi kunye nothuli amafu, kudla nazo emajukujukwini.

class A

iinkwenkwezi White zisingathwa eneqondo phezulu kangaka nje njengabameli bodidi O kunye B. photosphere yabo kumo ukuya kwizigidi 7.5-10 Kelvin. Star yiklasi ecacicleyo inkulu kakhulu ilanga. likhanya yabo nangaphezulu - izihlandlo ezimalunga nama-80.

Xa spectra ka A iinkwenkwezi abuthethe imigca hydrogen le Balmer series. Ezinye iziqalelo ze umgca ithambile kakhulu, kodwa ke iye ibaluleka ngakumbi njengoko sisiya ukusuka subclass A0 ku A9. Kuba Giants kunye supergiants ezinxulumene eklasini ecacicleyo A imigca kancinci iqapheleka kangako uphawu hydrogen ngaphezu kweenkwenkwezi main ngokulandelelana. Kwimeko yezi imigca yokukhanya iba izinyithi buqapheleke enzima.

Ngu ecacicleyo udidi A isebenza kakhulu leenkwenkwezi yinqobo kuye. Xa eli gama libhekisela ukukhanya ukuba iimpawu ezibonakalayo kwi spectrum, ngokwasemzimbeni parameters, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba mabazihlele. Umzekelo, ngeranti inqabile uhlobo Lambda iinkwenkwezi Bootes luphawulwa kukungabikho enzima nokujikeleziswa olucothayo kakhulu. Phakathi ukukhanya bokuhlala ongena kwaye UDema ezimhlophe.

Class A ungumnikazi ezinjalo izinto eqaqambileyo isibhakabhaka ebusuku, Sirius, Menkalinan, Aliot, uCastor kunye nabanye. Makhe simazi nabo kufutshane.

Alpha Canis

Sirius - ezikhanya, nangona ngoko nangoko, inkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni. Kude kuyo - 8.6 iminyaka elula. Kuba mkhanya ezisentlabathini ibonakala ayakhanya kuba ineenkalo enomtsalane kodwa akayisa kangangoko nezinye izinto ezininzi ezinkulu eliqaqambileyo. Inkwenkwezi elikufutshane Sun - ke alpha Centauri. Sirius kule luhlu indawo yesihlanu.

Oku kubhekisela lekroza Canis kwaye yinkqubo inamacandelo amabini. Sirius Sirius A no-B ezahlulwa kumgama 20 AU ajikeleziswe nge ixesha kancinane ngaphantsi kwe-50 iminyaka. Ilungu lokuqala kwinkqubo - engundoqo ulandelelwano inkwenkwezi, woba A1 yeklasi ecacicleyo. ubunzima yaso kabini ilanga, kunye radius - amaxesha 1.7. Oku kunokubonwa ngeliso lenyama evela Earth.

Ilungu yesibini yenkqubo - nenomlanga ezimhlophe. Inkwenkwezi Sirius B phantse ngokulinganayo isikhanyiso yethu ngokobunzima, nto leyo engaqhelekanga ukuba izinto ezinjalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, UDema ezimhlophe luphawulwa zinobunzima 0.6-0.7 elanga. Kulo mzekelo, ubukhulu Sirius B kufutshane emhlabeni. Kuthathwa ukuba nqanaba amhlophe ezincinanana baqalisa ukuba le nkwenkwezi yi malunga nezigidi ezili-120 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Xa Sirius B yayimi phezu kulandelelwano engundoqo, mhlawumbi yaba ubunzima ukukhanya nge 5 kwaye baphathwe solar ecacicleyo iklasi B.

Sirius A, ngokutsho izazinzulu, kuya kwenza ukuba kwisigaba esilandelayo zazivelela malunga 660 million iminyaka. Uya kwandula ke kujika abe ingxilimbela elibomvu, kunye nentwana kamva - nengcungcuthekileyo, nenomlanga emhlophe, ngathi kwiqabane layo.

Alfa Eagle

Kanye Sirius, abaninzi emhlophe iinkwenkwezi, amagama ezidweliswe ngezantsi, ngenxa beze ebumhlotsheni yaye ngokufuthi abakhankanywe kumaphepha yintsomi nesayensi eziqhelekileyo nje kuphela abantu babekuthanda ngeenkwenkwezi. Altair - omnye izikhanyiso. Alfa Eagle ifunyenwe, umzekelo, Ursuly Le igcina kunye Stivín King. Isibhakabhaka ebusuku, le nkwenkwezi zibonakala ngokucacileyo ngenxa beze ebumhlotsheni kunye kufutshane isalamane. Umgama phakathi Ilanga kunye Altair, yi 16.8 ukukhanya iminyaka. Seenkwenkwezi ecacicleyo uhlobo A ikufutshane kuthi Sirius kuphela.

ngokobunzima Sun Altair lingaphezu izihlandlo 1.8. osemqoka kwayo yi kujikelezo fast kakhulu. Enye revolution emhlabeni ezimanyeneyo nkwenkwezi kwenza ngaphantsi kweeyure ezilithoba. isantya ukujikeleza kwi-ikhweyitha - 286 km / s. Ngenxa "smart" Altair atshabalalisa kwi pole. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa imilo okweqanda ukusuka izibonda-ikhweyitha uyancipha lobushushu nokuqaqamba iinkwenkwezi. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba "womxhuzulane mnyama".

Enye inkalo ye Altair ukuba ayenechaphothi yalo ixesha nokutshintsha. Ku fanele ukuba uhlobo variable Delta Shield.

alpha Lyrae

Vega - inkwenkwezi kakhulu kufundwa emva kokuba ilanga. Alpha s - inkwenkwezi yokuqala, leyo umisele kuluhlu. Waba yesibini emva Ilanga inkwenkwezi, afanekiselwa kumfanekiso. Vega wangena omnye iinkwenkwezi yokuqala ukuba Walinganisa apho umgama yi parlaksa. Ixesha elide yobumhlophe sokukhanya lithathwa 0 yokuqingqa magnitudes zezinye izinto.

Eqhelekileyo Alpha Lyrae kunye ngeenkwenkwezi engahlawulwayo, kunye mkhanya nje. Iqaqambe yesihlanu phakathi kweenkwenkwezi, ungena Summer Triangle asterism kunye Altair kunye Deneb.

Umgama ukusuka ilanga ukuya Vega - 25.3 ukukhanya-iminyaka. radius alo kunye ubunzima elikhulu yemida ezifanayo yesikhanyiso yethu 2,78 namaxesha 2.3, ngokwahlukahlukeneyo. imilo Star ikude kwihlabathi ogqibeleleyo. Kweliya-ikhweyitha inkulu kakhulu kwi pole. Isizathu - ngesantya esikhulu. Akwi-ikhweyitha, lufikelela 274 km / s (kuba Sun, olu khetho ungaphezulu kancinane kweekhilomitha ezimbini ngomzuzwana).

Enye yezona iinkalo Vega - ezikufutshane disk enothuli. Wavele, oko kubangelwa inani elikhulu yangqubana ezinomsila kunye awe esibhakabhakeni. Uthuli disk lijikeleza kufutshane inkwenkwezi, kwaye afudunyezwe sisenzo radiation. Ngenxa yoko, oko konyusa ubunzulu infrared of Vega. Hayi ke kwakudala eyayifunyenwe asymmetry we disc. I kungenzeka kubo - ubukho iinkwenkwezi umhlaba ubuncinane enye.

alpha Twins

Eyesibini into likhanya kwi lekroza Gemini - kukaCastor na. Kwakhona, efana izibane zangaphambili, libhekisela ecacicleyo iklasi A. kukaCastor - enye iinkwenkwezi ezikhanya esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Kuludwe ahambelanayo, ukuba libekwe ku 23 ndawo.

KukaCastor yinkqubo ezininzi yabhalwa inamacandelo ezintandathu. element ezimbini ezisisiseko (kukaCastor kukaCastor A no-B) ziya ezijikelezayo malunga liziko eliqhelekileyo ubunzima kunye iminyaka engama-350. Ngalinye iinkwenkwezi emibini ngumgama binary spectroscopic. Amacandelo kukaCastor A kunye kukaCastor kwi eqaqambileyo kangako yaye sifanele eklasini ecacicleyo M.

Nge kukaCastor ke ngoko nangoko ezinxulumene nale nkqubo. Ekuqaleni, oko njengomhloli inkwenkwezi ezimeleyo YY Gemini. Xa inkqubo yophando kweli candelo liye laba yaziwe isibhakabhaka, inxulunyaniswa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nenkqubo kukaCastor nkwenkwezi. Lenkwenkwezi leyo ejikelezayo ngeenxa liziko olufanayo mass kuwo onke amacandelo kunye kwisithuba eziliqela amashumi amawaka eminyaka, kwaye binary spectroscopic.

beta Aurigae

figure Auriga wasezulwini kuquka "amanqaku" 150, abaninzi kubo - nto iinkwenkwezi ezimhlophe. Amagama neenkwenkwezi bancinane bathi umntu kude isuswe ngeenkwenkwezi, kodwa loo nto ayithethi ningalinciphisi ukubaluleka kwabo kweyobunzululwazi. Injongosenzi likhanya ngamandla kulo mzobo yasezulwini ephathelele ecacicleyo udidi A, i Menkalinan okanye Beta Aurigae. igama Star in Arabic lithetha "umnini egxalabeni izintso."

Menkalinan - inkqubo kathathu. izakhi yayo emibini - subgiants yeklasi ecacicleyo A. aqaqambileyo ngamnye kubo kune parameter efanayo kwamaxesha Sun 48. Bona ezahlulwe sisithuba kumgama 0.08 unit ngeenkwenkwezi. Icandelo lesithathu - yingqakumbana ebomvu zisuswe iperi 330 a. e.

Epsilon Ursae

I 'dot' aqaqambe mhlawumbi yeyona idumileyo zezulu leKima esemantla (Ursa Major) - oko Aliot, naye ukubayinxalenye eklasini A. okubonakalayo Ixabiso - 1,76. Xa uluhlu ezintlwini khanya yama-33 likhanya ngamandla. Aliot yinxalenye asterism Big Dipper kunye nezinye izikhanyiso ikufutshane isitya.

Alioto spectrum lalidume imigca ezingaqhelekanga, uphetshethwayo kwisithuba seentsuku 5.1. Kuthathwa ukuba iimpawu ezinxulumene kunye nempembelelo lo mhlaba otsalayo lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi. Ukuhla spectrum, ngokutsho data yakutshanje, zingenzeka ngenxa kwilungiselelo n'wina umzimba engaphandle esinobunzima of 15 wt Jupiter. Ngoko ke, enoba kusenjalo mfihlelo. Zayo, kwakunye nezinye iimfihlakalo iinkwenkwezi, ngeenkwenkwezi zama ukuqonda yonke imihla.

UDema amhlophe

Ibali malunga iinkwenkwezi ezimhlophe ziya kuba abuyonto ngaphandle ngokukhankanywa nqanaba ngendaleko yazo iinkwenkwezi, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "nenomlanga emhlophe." Igama ezinjalo izinto balo ngenxa yokuba wokuqala amfumana ababekolo didi A. ecacicleyo Yaba Sirius B no-40 Eridani B. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nenomlanga emhlophe kuthiwa eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe kwisigaba sokugqibela ubomi inkwenkwezi.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha kumjikelo wobomi Makube.

kwemvelo ogcwele

Ngobunye ubusuku, iinkwenkwezi abazalwa: namnye kubo udlula kwizigaba eziliqela. Okokuqala, kukho ilifu igesi kunye uthuli siqalisa ukuncipha phantsi yayo amandla omxhuzulane. Ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba izuza imilo ungqukuva, amandla omxhuzulane aguqulwa abe bubushushu - ukunyuka lobushushu le into. Ngelo xesha, xa ifikelela ezixabisa izigidi-20 Kelvin, fusion nuclear basabela iqala. Eli nqanaba ithathwa ekuqaleni kobomi inkwenkwezi yinxalenye.

Ixesha elininzi ukukhanya ngolandelelwano main. Ezinzulwini zabo ngayo rhoqo kumjikelo hydrogen. Ubushushu inkwenkwezi Kanjalo zinokwahluka. Xa zonke i ngumongo hydrogen uphela, iqala kwinqanaba entsha zazivelela. Ngoku amafutha uba helium. Kulo mzekelo, inkwenkwezi uqalisa ukwandisa. ukunyuka Its likhanya, yaye iqondo lobushushu ke, phezu koko, kunciphisa. Lenkwenkwezi leyo ungasuki ulandelelwano engundoqo kwaye iba ingxilimbela ebomvu.

ngcembe helium core ubunzima kwandisa, kwaye iqalisa ukuba nesivumelwano phantsi ubunzima bayo. Red Inqanaba ngxilimbela iphela ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunalowo yangaphambili. Indlela alupheleli zazivelela kuxhomekeke ubunzima ekuqaleni into. iinkwenkwezi elisezantsi ngobuninzi phezu ezibomvu eqongeni isigebenga aqalise ukudumba. Le nkqubo licwangcisa into iqokobhe. Kwakhiwa fu zomhlaba kunye ezingundoqo ze lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi. Laba abayingxenye bayigqibile yonke reactions yokuqaphela. Ibizwa nenomlanga emhlophe helium. Okuninzi iingxilimbela ezinkulu obomvu (ukuya kutsho umda ethile) ukuba bathungelane UDema emhlophe carbon. Ezi nuclei zizinto ezikhoyo nzima ngaphezu helium.

iimpawu

UDema White - ubunzima emzimbeni, njengoko umthetho, kufutshane kakhulu ilanga. Noko ke, isayizi yazo ingqinelana emhlabeni. Ukuxinana kakhulu kwezi imizimba yesiqalo indawo yazo izibilini nkqubo kunzima ukusuka kwindawo yokucingela physics yamandulo. Iimfihlelo iinkwenkwezi kwanceda ungabutyhili ubucukubhede quantum.

UDema White izinto yi plasma electron-nuclear. Ndayakha nakwiimeko Ilabhoratri phantse akunakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, abaninzi awayebalasele izibonelelo ezilolu kuhlala engacacanga.

Nokuba ufunda zonke iinkwenkwezi ebusuku, ukuba bafumane ubuncinane enye, nenomlanga elimhlophe akayi kusebenza ngaphandle nezixhobo ezizodwa. likhanya babo ungaphantsi kakhulu kunokuba elanga. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba UDema ezimhlophe nama-3 ukuya kwi-10% yazo zonke izinto Galaxy yethu. Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuphela abo bafumana ukuba ikumgama kumgama parsecs 200-300 ukusuka Earth.

UDema White eya ngokwanda. Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba imfundo kufuneka ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu umphezulu, kodwa ngokukhawuleza lupholile. Emva amashumi ezimbalwa ezigidi zeminyaka wemfundo, ngokutsho ingcamango, nenomlanga emhlophe uguqulwe yingqakumbana omnyama - musa kukhutshwe umzimba ukukhanya ebonakala.

White, inkwenkwezi ebomvu okanye oluhlaza okhangeleka kumbukeli zahluke kakhulu umbala. Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi ibukeka nzulu. Umbala yena kanye ngakumbi ithetha ubushushu, ubukhulu kunye nobunzima le into. Blue okanye ukukhanya inkwenkwezi ezuba - ingxilimbela ibhola oqaqambileyo kuzo zonke kakuhle ngaphambi kwelanga. izibane White, imizekelo echaziweyo kweli nqaku, baza bambi bathatha kancinci. Non-iinkwenkwezi e iikhathalogu ezahlukeneyo kwaye kakhulu ndithi nabasebenzayo, kodwa aninjalo nonke. A isixa esikhulu solwazi malunga nobomi izinto ezikude yesiqalo, okanye awukayifumani ingcaciso, okanye nkqu andibhaqwa.