ababambeleyo Imali - ntoni na? Yintoni indima yabo iinkqubo zoqoqosho zale mihla? zisichaphazela njani ubomi bezoqoqosho? Olu luluhlu kwenxenye imiba siza kuxubusha ngayo kweli nqaku.
ukuba nombono
Imali njengamalalela - substitutes iindlela ezikhethekileyo esemthethweni imali sezifakiwe ejikeleza ngu namaqumrhu zoshishino ukwenza iintlawulo. Kuba eziliqela izimvo zeengcali, lukwa kwingongoma ebalulekileyo ukuze kukwazi ukugweba malunga nophuhliso lokuhamba imali naliphi na ilizwe ngenxa ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwabo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nangona substitutes imali kwaye zisebenza njengeendlela sentlawulo, Aninakumkhonza njengoko into imali, kwakunye ukujonga olinganise ngokutshintshiselana kwempahla. Ingakumbi impahla yabo (xa imali) kukuba azinayo amatyala ngokupheleleyo ngenxa ejikeleza elilinganiselweyo. Yingxaki ke ukugcinwa kwawo amandla okuthenga ngenxa yokuba ziya kwamkelwa kuphela ngohlobo ngesaphulelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ixabiso lazo lokwenyani usoloko kancinane ngezantsi par. Oku akuthethi kuncinane ngenxa iimpawu ezithile. Ngoko ke, iintlawulo imali ikheshi "phantsi" iKhomishini ngakwicala lweenkqubo. Ukuba into ixabisa 100 engange virtual, kuba kuya kufuneka ukuba uhlawule 101, ubuncinane.
Kutheni kukho esikhundleni imali?
Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba kwazo ibizwa ngokuba ukungabikho engamaphepha, ezaziwayo ngokusemthethweni. Oku kungabangelwa uyadana nkqubo ngetyala karhulumente (esinjongo kuliwe iinkqubo ezimbi inflation). Ukuze ubone indlela uqoqosho inikezelwa, ukubala 'ngumlingani ka imali. Oku kuchazwa njengepesenti ubunzima imali kunye nemveliso kwesambuku eli lizwe. Ngokomzekelo yi 1990, xa into Russian, ngenxa izibalo ezahlukeneyo, zazisuka 12-20%. Nangona kufuneka ukuba eqhelekileyo yokusebenza ubuncinane 60%. izizathu Njengoko ezongezelelweyo yimbonakalo ababambeleyo imali kuthiwa iinyembezi lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho, ezo ingakumbi ngenkuthalo siwubona-imi- 90 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.
ngezigaba
Yintoni kuba esikhundleni imali? Nokuba umbutho ethile, uhlobo lwe-nxaxheba kunye nenani iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ezahlula le ezinye:
- State. Ezi ziquka inqaku zobuncwane, imali zemimandla, iinzuzo zerhafu kunye nenani kwezinye iindlela, imveliso kunye nokwabiwa ephantsi kolawulo karhulumente.
- Commercial. Ezi zibandakanya ezi ntlawulo iindleko, ukuqulunqa iirisithi elandelwa zokuhlala kunye nezinye iintlobo ezifana zombutho, nto leyo becala kuxhomekeka intsebenziswano namashishini abucala.
- Okunye. Ezi ziquka iindlela ezifana amatikiti njengepetroli, ukutya, impahla, amaxwebhu zorhwebo kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nalo.
Kutheni ukusebenzisa esikhundleni imali?
Iyasebenza yaba mbuzo kwixesha lokuqala kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho emarikeni. Njengoko iimpendulo ingabangela kulandelayo:
- Kufakwe imali njengoko njengendlela yokuhlawula ngokuba lifumana ukunqongophala nokoyika imali. Iingxaki kulo mzekelo,, luntsileka iintlawulo ikheshi engaphuhliswanga ngenxa iingxaki kwinkqubo yogcino. Ngokubanzi, impembelelo engalunganga inokuncitshiswa ukuba imali electronic uya kwaziswa, kodwa ke ngelo xesha kwakungekho nto.
- Ukubakho ilahleko efihliweyo lwamashishini, ingakumbi actualized ngethuba lenguqu ukuya iindlela zorhwebo kwezolimo.
- Azame ukuphepha irhafu ezininzi; ngenxa yoko baya phantsi iirisithi imali kwi-mali kunye nokwandisa intsilelo yayo.
- Ukuntsonkotha ukusetyenziswa bill lorhwebo njengesixhobo ezibolekisa kwindawo enkulu eRashiya.
- iinkqubo emali kwindawo yokuqala, ziye ezinxulumene ne kokukhutshwa amaxabiso kunye utshintsho kulawulo kwi ngokwemigaqo yorhwebo.
Zonke ezi zizathu zichazwe ngasentla, kunye negalelo yokuba ababambeleyo imali uyakwazi kakhulu ukuphuhlisa njengoko izixhobo zemali musa ukubonelela unaniselwano kunye credit yorhwebo. Umzekelo, ukuba ahlawule amatyala angekahlawulwa nebhajethi kwithuba 1991-1996, isiphumo okumane iibhiliyoni engange, i-Russian Federation Ministry of Finance ezikhutshwe eyilwayo Treasury. Loo njengendlela yokuhlawula wavumela ukuba uphephe monakalo.
modernity
Kwelinye icala, ukuba wehlile kwindawo ezibuthathaka kuqoqosho lwethu. Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, umntu kufuneka lula ukubaluleka kwabo zesakhiwo, ubukho babo ekubeni ubomi lilawulwe yezizathu zoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, nokuphelisa kweziqu kungabangela ukulahlekelwa lokonga, kwakunye nefuthe elibi kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. Apha siye ngoku ngokubonakalayo ngokusebenzisa imali elektroniki, kukho inani elikhulu iinkqubo zentlawulo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ngenxa unyango yokunqongophala akanawo amatyala epheleleyo, yaye apho iingxaki ngokwemeko ezinokuvela ekufumaneni. Kwakhona musa ukulibala ukuba ixabiso lazo lokwenyani isoloko ngezantsi par. Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukupheliswa kwenkqubo-inqanaba libe linye ethe yasekwa sele, oko akwenzeki.
impembelelo kweziqu
Ukuba siqwalasela-imi- 90 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kweziqu bekukho iyantlukwano ebalulekileyo ngokuthenga ngamandla. Ngoko ke, xa ezivakaliswa engange, ixabiso ngokulula kwahluka ngokuphindwe 1.5-2. Kakade ke, ungabona ukuba kukho ngoku, xa isonka neenqwelwana ezahlukeneyo yaseTver kunye Sakhalin. Kodwa into enye, xa sisebenzisana kunye namacwecwe zothutho, yaye omnye xa ukutya okuthengiswa elingummelwane lokuthenga Arcade. Hi ndlela leyi, le mpembelelo kwakhokelela ekubeni kwi kummandla Russian Federation, kwasekwa inkqubo ekhethekileyo, lizimele kangako intlawulo, nto leyo substitutes esebenzayo imali. Ngoko ke, simele sikhumbule ukuba abakhonzi ethu abangangeni ixesha elide endleleni iimoto, banike ngaphandle amatikiti ukuze ipetroli. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ayikho imali, abantu abayi kuba nako ukuchitha engalawulekiyo zabo. Kwelinye - kukho bokuqonda ulawulo lwenkcitho ngamnye. Kodwa ukuba kunjalo, ekhwela inqwelo yezigulana, amapolisa kunye abacimi kakhulu, kangangokuba le nkqubo bugwetyelwe ngokupheleleyo iithagethi zazo.
wezezimali kweziqu
Bona zisetyenziselwa izibalo okanye imali eyongezelelweyo wokulondoloza imali karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, makhe esibunikelayo oku: a lizwe yezinto sele eshotayo yohlahlo lwabiwo -2%. Kukho iindlela ezimbini: noba sithatha mboleko okanye ukunciphisa iindleko. Isondlo, oluchanileyo ngakumbi lwalo yesibini. Kodwa Uxelelwe ngubani na, ukuba abantu esebenza esisiso? Abezopolitiko - aba ngabantu abangafuniyo ukuphulukana kwiintlelo zabo. Ngoko ke waba inqaku kaNondyebo ekhethekileyo kuthethwane ukukhululwa kwakhe (kangakanani, olunjani ixabiso ubuso, inzala, njalo njalo). Konke oku isiqinisekiso karhulumente. Kwelinye icala, ukuba utyalo-mali ethembekileyo, kodwa kwi enye - ayikho inzuzo. Apha, umzekelo, xa ezingenzeka izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso karhulumente yi-12%, nezibambiso ezikhutshwe iza kubonelela% 7 kuphela yenzuzo.
Ubungozi neengozi
Kwanaxa efika kuqala kucacile ukuba abo imali ngazo, kuphela belahlekelwa imali. Xa ucinga inani kakhulu imiba enxulumene novavanyo naxanasi ingcaciso, ngoko ke meko konke ukuthanda lusizi (kuthetha ukuba iingcali ezininzi zoqoqosho bakholelwa izibalo kwamaxabiso kwi iindlela zale mihla phantsi). Imali kunye ejikelezayo ngemali kule meko kusetyenziswa njengesiseko ubomi mali karhulumente, kwaye kweziqu nga siphephe iziphumo ezibi yokuswela kwabo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemali electronic
Ukuba sithethe ngayo kwimarike Russian, abathathi ephambili apha Webmoney kunye Yandex. Kakade ke, kukho kwakhona iinkqubo zokubhankisha we iintlawulo ngekhompyutha, kodwa ngenxa eziliqela iimpawu ukuwafunda, angeke. Okokugqibela kodwa okunga kuncinananga kungenxa yokuba badalwa ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo amaziko zebhanki. Ngoxa sinomdla iinkqubo zentlawulo-elektroniki, nto leyo zadalwa ngokukodwa le njongo. Kwimarike ihlabathi uthathwa ukuba abe ngumdlali ehamba PayPal, kodwa ngenxa yokuba akukho imelwe Russian Federation, oko aziyi kuqwalaselwa. Kodwa ke, jikelele, umgaqo yokusebenza enye, ukuze isiphumo ngempumelelo badluliselwe thina kunye noogxa babo amazwe. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ngathi kukho inkqubo lokuthenga eqhelekileyo? Umntu uza umthengisi, ubuza ixabiso leempahla, aze agqibe enoba Liyafuneka. Ukuba impendulo ngu-ewe, linika kuye imali ethile imali, kwaye ufumana imveliso okanye inkonzo.
Njani kweziqu elektroniki?
Kulo mzekelo, yonke into nzima ngakumbi. Ekuqaleni, kufuneka ukunika indlela yokusebenzisa umlamli (inkqubo yentlawulo ngekhompyutha). Ke umthengisi uya kwenza isicelo kuyo ngenjongo yokukhangela ukuba ingaba unayo imali eyaneleyo. Ukuba ulwazi kuqinisekisiwe, impahla eziyimfuneko ziza kuthunyelwa, kwaye isixa esithile zitsalwe akhawunti. Oko kukuthi, imali engasetyenziswanga ngqo kule nkqubo, nangona ekuqaleni nasekupheleni (xa mthengisi njengengeniso cash) ukuba kuyimfuneko. Kodwa inani lemisebenzi endaweni kubo ukusebenzisa ethutyana elektroniki. Ukuba siqwalasela Webmoney, ngoko kunokuba WMZ, WMR, WMU, WME, WMB njalo njalo. Njengoko ubona, iinketho ezininzi.
Ngempahla kunye amatikiti
Makhe ekupheleni senqaku ingqalelo ngakumbi olu hlobo ababambeleyo, ngokunjalo nendima yabo kuqoqosho. Phantsi ngempahla iquka ngqo exchange kwempahla. Ngokomzekelo, isibakala sokuba nentendana kum iibhokisi ezilishumi yematshisi. Le unaniselwano wokwenene. Kwiimeko apho uqoqosho lwelizwe uyayeka ukusebenza, yaye zonke ukuxhumana ukuwa, le fom kunaniselwano ikuvumela ukugcina umsebenzi obalulekileyo zabantu ubuncinane ngokutshintshiselana impahla, leyo ke benziwa. Oko kukuthi indima unaniselwano likhulu kwimeko isiphithiphithi ongalawulekiyo, ngenxa yokuba Bulelani kuye, kukho ubuncinane ezithile intsebenziswano. Kwaye ukuze kwixesha elizayo libe uxhulumaniso ozinzileyo ngakumbi, kodwa eli xesha wayambethe ubudlelwane lemali-yorhwebo. Amatikiti nazo kusetyenziswa kwiimeko apho urhulumente uya kumaxesha anzima, yaye izibonelelo kulinganiselwe kakhulu - kangangokuba kakhulu kangangokuba ukwabiwa engafanelekanga kunokukhokelela ilahleko ezithile zabantu. Ngoko ke, ukuba asetyenziswe ukuba ilawule ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo. Ngoko uyakwazi ukufumana ubukhulu unikezelo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi efanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuma lizwe ezingenzeka, kwezolimo xa sonakaliswa ngamandla, kunye nemali okanye amathuba yokuthenga phesheya hayi. Izitampu nazo zingasetyenziswa ukuxhasa amahlwempu. Kodwa lo mkhuba kwilizwe lethu ayifumanekanga. Ngenxa yoko, kweziqu ezifana amatikiti kunye unaniselwano, zizalathisi ezinzileyo kunye nozinzo kuluntu. Yaye isibakala lokungabikho okanye ubukho kwinqanaba ukuba abakwazi ubhaliswe enjalo, ibonisa ubukho izinto ezintle.