Ukwehla kwezoqoqosho: ingqiqo, izizathu kunye neziphumo

Uqoqosho na, nkqu kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlileyo, unokutshintshwa. Imifanekiso yakhe atshintsha rhoqo. komnotho unika indlela eya ngokuvela kwentlekele - iinqobo kwincopho zokukhula. Uphuhliso oguquguqukayo luphawulwa uhlobo lorhwebo yolawulo. Ukutshintsha inqanaba zengqesho kunefuthe kumandla kwabathengi 'okuthenga, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuze bona wokuhla okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya. Kwaye oku nje omnye umzekelo indicators ubudlelwane. Ukususela namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi yeyongxowankulu, ingqiqo kwezoqoqosho afana Ukudodobala nokufunyanwa, ezifanele ukuba inkcazo kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi.

Imbali isifundo yemijikelo kwezoqoqosho

Ukuba kwigophe le eyenzwa naliphi na ilizwe, siyabona ukuba ukukhula zesi salathisi akwenzeki njalo. Umjikelo ngamnye kwezoqoqosho iquka ixesha ukuwa imveliso lwentlalo kunye nokufunyanwa. Noko ke, ubude balo abakacaci kakuhle. Eguquguqukayo msebenzi zoshishino zaneleyo enokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwaye engaphumi. Noko ke, kukho izinto ezininzi echaza imo nokungazinzi koqoqosho nophuhliso loqoqosho kunye nexesha kwezi nkqubo. Ngeentlekele yokuqala ngamaxesha waphawula uJean Sismondi. "Classics" Wakhanyela ubukho mijikelo. Ngokufuthi anxulunyaniswa ixesha yokudodobala koqoqosho zimeko zangaphandle, ezifana imfazwe. Sismondi wayesebenzisa ingqalelo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba 'ukwesaba-1825 ", ingxaki yokuqala ngamazwe, owenzeka loxolo. Ukuba bafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo, noRobert uThami. Wayekholelwa ukuba kwemali kubangelwe hormone kunye underconsumption ngenxa nokungalingani nokwabiwa kwengeniso. Owen wakhuthaza ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente kunye nendlela yali zokulima. wesimo Periodic uphawu capitalism, yaba sisiseko yomsebenzi Karla Marksa, lowo wambiza ngokuba mbuso.

Intswela-ngqesho, komnotho kunye nendima karhulumente ekulungiseni le miba ngumba Dzhona Meynarda Keynes kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Yiyo le sikolo kwezoqoqosho systematized ingcamango iingxaki waza wanikela amanyathelo okuqala engqinelanayo ukususa iziphumo zabo ezibi. Keynes ngisho kubo practice eUnited States ngexesha eninzi ka- 1930-1933 ngayo.

main isigaba

Umjikelo koqoqosho izigaba ezine. Phakathi kwabo:

• sokubuyisela uqoqosho (recovery). Eli xesha luphawulwa ekukhuleni kwemveliso kunye nengqesho. Izinga emali eliphantsi. Abathengi befuna ukwenza ukuthenga ukuba kuhlehliswe ngexesha lentlekele. Zonke iiprojekthi ezintsha ngokukhawuleza ukuhlawulela ngokwabo.
• Peak. Eli xesha luphawulwa msebenzi zoshishino eliphezulu. Izinga lentswela ngeli thuba lincinane kakhulu. Imveliso amandla kakhulu ezantsi. Kodwa ke, qala ukubonisa izinto ezimbi: kwamaxabiso kunye nokhuphiswano oluphuculweyo, ixesha payback ukwanda.
• Ukwehla kwezoqoqosho (ntlekele, recession). Eli xesha iphawulwa ukuncipha msebenzi ishishini. Ukuwa output kunye notyalo-mali, kunye nentswelangqesho liyenyuka. Ukudakumba kuthiwa enzulu elide recession.
• Bottom. Eli xesha iphawulwa ubuncinane msebenzi ishishini. Kweli nqanaba, kukho izinga eliphantsi intswela-mveliso. Ngeli xesha ke bachitha intsalela impahla, leyo kwabunjwa ngethuba kwincopho msebenzi ishishini. Capital ukususela kwisigaba borhwebo aqukuqela ezibhankini. Oku kukhokelela ekuncipheni inzala kwimali-mboleko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le sigaba ayikho elide. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukuxolelwa. Umzekelo, i "Great Depression" yathatha iminyaka elishumi.

Ngaloo umjikelo woqoqosho ingachazwa njengoko isithuba phakathi kwamazwe amabini ishishini efanayo. Kufuneka uqonde ukuba, nangona uhlobo wovandlakanyo ekuhambeni GDP elide kuyaphela kuvuka. imiba yezoqoqosho ezifana yokudodobala, ukudandatheka ntlekele aziyi kupheliswa, kodwa sihlandlo ngasinye manqaku liphezulu.

izakhiwo imijikelo

ukwehla kwezoqoqosho Izincomo kwahluka zombini kwindalo kunye nexesha. Noko ke, ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zibe nokwaziwa kubo. Phakathi kwabo:

• Cyclicity na uphawu kumazwe bonke uhlobo lorhwebo yolawulo.
• Iingxaki kuba isenzeko ayisoze kuyimfuneko. Bona ukuvuselela uqoqosho, kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye onke amanqanaba ezikhulu lophuhliso.
• Wonke umjikelo luquka izigaba ezine.
• Cyclicity ngenxa akukho namnye, kodwa ezahlukeneyo yezizathu ezahlukeneyo.
• Ngenxa jikelele kubunzima ngoku kwelinye ilizwe nakanjani nefuthe kwi imeko yezoqoqosho kwelinye.

ngezigaba lamathuba

Uqoqosho mihla ochitha ngaphezulu kwamawaka kwimijikelo zoshishino ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo:

• imijikelo zexesha elifutshane Dzhozefa Kitchina. Zihlala malunga 2-4 iminyaka. Igama emva kokuba sisazinzulu eyafumana ngayo. Ubukho yale mijikelo Kitchin ekuqaleni wachaza utshintsho zolondolozo zegolide. Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukholelwa ukuba zibangelwa Ukulibaziseka ekufumaneni mveliso ezifunekayo ukwenza izisombululo ulwazi ishishini. Ngokomzekelo, cinga Ukwanda kwimarike yemveliso. Kule meko, abalimi kufuneka ukuba bacuthe imiyinge imveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi malunga Ukwanda emarikeni kaYehova ngoko nangoko, kodwa kukho ukulibaziseka. Oku kukhokelela kwintlekele ngenxa imbonakalo impahla surplus.
• Medium-Clement Juglar mijikelo. Kwakhona ogama wokuwonga elaa ngezoqoqosho eyafumana ngayo. khona yabo ngenxa yokulibaziseka phakathi ukwamkelwa izigqibo ngokwexabiso utyalo-mali esisigxina kunye nokudalwa ngqo kwamandla. Ubude Juglar umjikelezo malunga 7-10 iminyaka.
• Izingqisho Simon Kuznets. Bona igama emva kokuba ophumeleleyo Nobel Prize eyafumana kubo 1930. Izazinzulu zichaza iinkqubo yabantu ubukho babo kunye nokungazinzi kwishishini lokwakha. Noko ke, abezoqoqosho mihla bakholelwa isizathu Kuznets ubugcisa eziphambili swing uphuculo. Ubude - malunga 15-20 iminyaka.
• Amaza Long Nikolaya Kondrateva. Bekuthanda zesayensi, athanda ukuyibeka embekweni kwaye igama kule 1920. Ubude - malunga 40-60 iminyaka. Ubukho K-Amaza ngenxa yezinto ezibaluleke notshintsho naso isakhiwo imveliso yoluntu.
• imijikelo Forrester elide iminyaka 200. khona yabo ngenxa ukutshintsha izinto namandla.
• Toffler imijikelo ehlala iminyaka 1000-2000. khona yabo ngenxa utshintsho ibalulekileyo kuphuhliso yempucuko.

izizathu

Ukwehla kwezoqoqosho - yinxalenye yophuhliso loqoqosho. Cyclicity ngenxa zinto zilandelayo:

• uyothuka zangaphandle nezangaphakathi. Maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuba amaza kuqoqosho. Le mpumelelo nawobuchwepheshe bangatshintsha uhlobo zokulima, ukufunyanwa kwezibonelelo eneji entsha, ungquzulwano kunye neemfazwe.
• ukwanda sayacutha ekwenzeni utyalo-mali kwii-asethi ezisisigxina kunye inventri kweempahla kunye izinto, umzekelo, ngokunxulumene notshintsho nomthetho.
• Utshintsho kwamaxabiso yeemeko kwimveliso.
• uhlobo ngamaxesha isivuno kwezolimo.
• Impembelelo olukhulayo kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, imivuzo ngoko, ngaphezulu, kunye nokwanda ziziqinisekiso yengqesho.

Ukuhla yokukhula koqoqosho: ingqiqo nangomoya

Phakathi abaphengululi mihla kusekho akukho ukuvumelana ukuba yintoni eyenza ingxaki. Xa uncwadi eSoviet ukususela eSoviet Union alawule luvo yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho mava kuphela kumazwe nkulu, naphantsi uhlobo yali yolawulo kunokuba kuphela "zokukhula." Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ingxoxo phakathi ngezoqoqosho malunga nokuba bunzima uphawu micro-level. Umongo kwintlekele yoqoqosho esibonakaliswa ezingaphezu yonikezelo kuthelekiswa imfuno aggregate. Ukucutheka kubonakala bankruptcies ubunzima, ukunyuka intswelangqesho kunye nokunciphisa ngamandla emali. Crisis kukwaphula lwenkqubo eseleyo. Ngoko ke, oko kukhatshwa inani Iezothuso zentlalo-qoqosho. Kwaye ngenxa ukusonjululwa kwazo ziya kufuna utshintsho lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle lokwenene.

imisebenzi crisis

Ukwehla nomjikelo kwezoqoqosho okuqhubekayo indalo. Iqhuba le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Zokuphelisa okanye inguqu esemgangathweni kwiindawo ezavalwayo kwenkqubo ekhoyo.
• Imvume izinto ezintsha ekuqaleni buthathaka.
• amandla test system.

okuhambisa

Ngexesha kwawo, ingxaki uhamba kwizigaba ezininzi:

• Angasebenzi. Kweli nqanaba, kuphela imiqathango zivuthwa, kodwa akazange afikele.
• Yena egoqa xesha. Kweli nqanaba, ukungaboni yande amandla, iinxalenye ezindala kunye nezintsha yenkqubo angene ngxabano.
• Ixesha akunciphisi ntlekele. Kweli nqanaba, i-nkqubo uba uzinze, ezi zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze imvuselelo kuqoqosho.

Ukwehla kwezoqoqosho kunye neziphumo zawo

Zonke iingxaki kuba nefuthe unxibelelwano noluntu. Ngexesha kwemali, ii-arhente zikarhulumente baba kakhulu nokhuphiswano ngakumbi zorhwebo, nakwiimalike zengqesho. Amaziko amaninzi baba Lonakele, okwenza kukhule ngakumbi le meko. Kwakhona kwandisa ukuthandwa emkhosini ngenxa yokuba abantu abaselula babe nzima ukufumana ngokwabo ebomini emkhosini. Kwaye liyanda inani labantu zonqulo. Ukuthandwa bars, kwiivenkile zokudla ntlekele uyawa. Noko ke, cheap abantu notywala kokuqala ukuthenga ngakumbi. Crisis iba nefuthe elibi zolonwabo kunye nenkcubeko, ngenxa ukwehla elibukhali kokuthenga ngamandla.

Iindlela zokoyisa ukuwa

Umsebenzi ophambili we-likarhulumente ingxaki kukuba ukusombulula kokohlukana ngokwezentlalo noqoqosho ezikhoyo, kwaye bancede ziqwempu abuthatha oluntu. Keynesians bazuze Ukungenela kuqoqosho. Bakholelwa ukuba imisebenzi yezoqoqosho nga kubuyiselwa yi-odolo karhulumente. Monetarists bekhetha indlela ngaphezulu kwimarike-based. Bona elawula unikezelo imali. Noko ke, simele siqonde ukuba zonke ezi amanyathelo okwethutyana. Nangona isibakala sokuba iingxaki ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo zekhampani nganye kwaye urhulumente xa lilonke kufuneka ube nenkqubo ixesha elide.