4 guqula Ivan

Ivan Grozny waba ngumlawuli ngokungaqhelekanga yaseRashiya. Bambalwa ephelisa ngokokubona kwakhe, abe ngukumkani, yingqwayingqwayi. Ezi mpawu bobuntu bakhe babekwa ebuntwaneni: Ivan waphulukana uyise nonina, yaye phantsi kweliso izinduna, abo babesilwa ukuze igunya. 4 guqula Ivan iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali ilizwe laba sisiqalo sexesha elitsha embalini.

Xa ebuntwaneni kakumkani ngurhulumente-run ekuqaleni, unina wakhe, umfazi wakhe Basil 3 - Elena Glinskaya. Emva kokufa kwakhe, ukumkani oselula phantsi kwephiko izinduna, ababefuna ukuzuza Ivan uyibambe namandla. Xa ndandineminyaka eli-17 ubudala, uIvan uba 4: igana Anastasia Romanova. Ke Ivan uthatha isihloko yobukumkani Kwingcingane Cathedral, ibekwe le Moscow yesicelo.

Uhlaziyo of Ivan 4 lungohlulwa lube iiphiriyodi ezimbini, ezizezi:

1. Uhlaziyo abakhethiweyo bonwabile.

2. Oprichnina.

In the 1540s emva kwexesha ngeenxa zonke kukumkani oselula kwakhiwa isangqa yakhe labahlobo abasondeleleneyo kunye mentors, eyaqala ukuba kuthiwe i rada ezikhethiweyo. Izilingo: A.Adashev, A.Kurbsky, uSylvester kunye Macarius. Kweli xesha lokuqala yokuvuselelwa Ivan 4 ngokufutshane kuya kubhalwa ngezantsi, zihambelana kwaye lujolise ekomelezeni urhulumente kazwelonke kunye namandla zomkhosi lizwe. Akhethwe Symbol zaye zabanjwa:

• Utshintsho ulawulo loluntu (ukudala imiyalelo - urhulumente omtsha central);
• ukuqaliswa entsha Sudebnik Ivan 4 (1550);
• komhlaba Church (ukubiza amabhunga icawe);
• uguquko zomkhosi Ivan 4 (zokudalwa imikhosi omtsha osisigxina ngokuba "Royal", ukuqaliswa Code of Service);
• komhlaba irhafu (uniform kuqaliswa inkqubo yerhafu lonke eli lizwe - ziwela);
• nokuguqulwa of local self-government (nokudalwa imizimba zokucebisa ukujongana nayo nayiphi na ingxaki engxamisekileyo, zombini nkqubo ngaphakathi nangaphandle - Zemsky Sobor, ukupheliswa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo Russian - lwebele).

Loo isiqalo enkulu kobukumkani elaphulwe 1553, xa saqalisa umahluko phakathi kokumkani coterie yakhe. Ngenxa yoko - ekuweni ivuyise ezikhethiweyo. Emva kweminyaka 10 ecaleni zezibonda abalekele best friend Ivana Groznogo - Andrei Kurbsky. Esi senzo ukudelela ngokupheleleyo lonke ithemba kakumkani, kwaye uya kubhengeza isiqalo oprichnina. Oprichnina - uyoyikwa yamaxesha Ivana Groznogo, apho kwaziswa ilifa ekhethekileyo royal (emhlabeni).

Oprichnina nawo Suzdal, Mozhaisk kunye Vyazma kunye nezinye idolophu n'wina. Ivan 4 iinguqu abasekho ukusebenza, akukho malinge loHlaziyo ngakumbi zenziwe.

Oprichnina waqhubeka udushe abemi 7 yokugqibela, emva kokuba irhoxisiwe. 4 Ivan wayalela ukuba kubulawe bonke abo bathatha inxaxheba othuse.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwiphulo anegazi nxamnye Novgorod senziwe ngeli xesha.

Uhlaziyo of Ivan 4 kwixesha wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe negalelo ekomelezeni karhulumente kazwelonke kunye namandla kakumkani, bomeleze amandla omkhosi lonke eli lizwe, baye "wanikela" iseti Russian jikelele imithetho kunye namagunya olawulo - i Zemsky Sobor.

Ngoko ke, lonke utshintsho uIvan 4 negalelo ekudaleni welifa-ezimele neNgonyama.