Zocando Natural. zonation Latitudinal and altitudinal

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba kwihlabathi solar distribution ubushushu akulingani ngenxa imilo ungqukuva le planethi. Ngenxa yale fomu ezahlukeneyo inkqubo zendalo, apho onke amacandelo ngasinye ngokusondeleyo kwamanye kanye kwakhiwa zone zendalo ngasinye kwenzeka kuzo zonke amazwekazi. Ukuba silandela enezityalo nezilwanyana kwimimandla efanayo, kodwa kumazwekazi ezahlukeneyo, sinako ukubona ukufana ezithile.

umthetho zocando Geographical

Scientist V. V. Dokuchaev ngexesha lakhe wadala imfundiso kwiindawo zendalo, waza wavakalisa ingcamango yokuba ummandla ngamnye - izakhiwo zendalo, apho ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo zihlobene zihlobene. imfundiso Kamva, phezu kwesi sisekelo, isiqinisekiso yokuqala yasekwa, ethe yenziwa yasulungeka kwaye ezineenkcukacha ngakumbi ngamanye abaphandi LS Berg.

iintlobo ezahlukileyo zocando ngenxa kwiyantlukwano ukubunjwa inshorensi lwejiyografi kunye nempembelelo izinto ezimbini eziphambili: amandla iLanga namandla komhlaba. Ke ezi zinto ezinxulumene ucando yendalo, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kulwabiwo ezilwandle, iindidi ngengingqi kunye nesakhiwo sayo. Ngenxa yoko, izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zendalo kwasekwa, kwaye inkulu kubo indawo geographical ekufuphi kwimimandla zezulu wachaza BP Alisova).

Nika le ilandelayo ngokwezelizwe imimandla: sentshinyela, ezimbini subequatorial, yetropika sabutropikhi, eyingcathu, subpolar ezibandayo (Arctic and Antarctic). zone Geographical zahlulwe imimandla, nto leyo ukuthetha ngakumbi ngokungqalileyo.

Yintoni ucando latitudinal

iindawo zendalo enxulumene ngokusondeleyo lwemimandla zemozulu kwaye, ngenxa yoko imimandla njengoko iibhanti ngcembe endaweni enye kwenye, ukusuka kwi-ikhweyitha ukuya izibonda, apho ubushushu elanga sinciphile kwaye watshintsha imvula. Loo shift of izakhiwo ezinkulu zendalo ekuthiwa zonation latitudinal, esizibonakalisa kuzo zonke iindawo zendalo, ngaphandle kobukhulu.

Yintoni ucando eziphakamileyo

Imephu zingabonakala, xa sisiya ukusuka emantla ukuya ngasempuma, kummandla ngamnye geographical uyahlangabezana ucando eendawo, ekubeni entlango arctic, edlula ukuya kumathafa, ngomhla ukuya kumathafa, hlathi, ephikisanayo kunye amahlathi wofika, ehlathini-emathafeni kunye emathafeni, yaye ekugqibeleni entlango kunye efudumeleyo. Awabonisi ukusuka empuma kuye lane entshonalanga, kodwa kukho kwakhona kwenye indawo.

Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba liphuma eziphezulu ezintabeni, umlinganiselo ubushushu kunye ukufuma elide yaguquka kubushushu obuphantsi, kwaye imvula ekwimo eziqinileyo, ngaloo ndlela ukutshintsha enezityalo nezilwanyana. Oosonzululwazi kunye zokuma wanika oku igama layo - high-ephakame socando (okanye ucando), xa omnye indawo emva komnye, Belting intaba kwiindawo ezise ezahlukeneyo. Ukutshintsha zone ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu eArabha, umntu nje ukuya ku-1 km, kwaye uya kuba kwenye indawo. Ummandla lowermost usoloko ingqamana apho entabeni, yaye sisondele kangakanani izibonda, incinci kule mimandla zifumaneka ngaphezulu.

umthetho socando Geographical usebenza ezintabeni. Ukususela ngama zonyaka sixhomekeke, kwakunye alternation imini nobusuku. Ukuba nentaba likufutshane esibondeni, ngoko apho unako ukufumana ubusuku polar nemini, ukuba indawo kufuphi-ikhweyitha, imini iya kusoloko ulingana ebusuku.

ice zone

zocando lwemida Natural ezikufutshane izibonda zomhlaba, kuthiwa umkhenkce. Imozulu ngqwabalala, apho qhwa na unyaka wonke, kwaye ngenyanga ishushu ubushushu lingaphumi ngasentla ku-0 °. Snow lugubungela wonke umhlaba, nangona ukuba ilanga likhanya imini nobusuku kangangeenyanga eziliqela, kodwa hayi Halala nto.

Xa iimeko ezinzima kakhulu kummandla glacial ahlala izilwanyana ezincinane (White Bear, yoonombombiya, seals, walruses, impungutye, adle), zisengaphantsi kunokwenzeka ukuba izityalo lwenqubo ukwakha kusekwangoko zophuhliso, kwaye ubukhulu becala afumaneka isityalo obalekayo (ulele moss, ulele).

zone emathafeni

Zone imimoya ebandayo womelele, apho rhoqo elide nobusika elifutshane ehlotyeni, ngenxa apho umhlaba akukho xesha ukushushubeza kwaye enze multi-inwebu komhlaba zibambene.

umthetho socando usebenza nkqu eyetundra liwabe ibe sub-zayimimandla emithathu, ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi: i-Arctic, apho ikhula ikakhulu moss kunye ulele ngumntu ulele-moss kumathafa, apho kukho iindawo imithana, enikezwe Vaigach ukuya Kolyma, and South ityholwana emathafeni, apho utyani yenziwa kumanqanaba amathathu.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye kumathafa elisuke isiqwenga obhityileyo kwaye ummandla lenguqu phakathi kwe eyetundra nasemahlathini.

hlathi zone

Kuba Russian hlathi - kwindawo enkulu yendalo, obususela kumda wasentshona ukuya kuLwandle Okhotsk kunye eLwandle Japan. Hlathi agcinwe kwi nemozulu ezimbini, apho umahluko kwenzeka kulo.

Olu ucando yendalo igxile inani elikhulu amachibi kunye imigxobhozo, kwaye apha sivela imilambo emikhulu eRashiya, iVolga, Kama, uLena, Viluy kunye nabanye.

Into esemqoka ihlabathi sisityalo - amahlathi coniferous esilawulwa larch, nespruce azixhaphakanga, umsipres nompleyini. Ihlabathi isilwanyana owahlukeneyo kwaye nenxalenye esempuma hlathi bacebe kakhulu entshonalanga.

Forest, emathafeni amahlathi kunye emathafeni

Xa kwindawo ephikisanayo kunye ebanzi-zodonga ihlathi kwemozulu ezifudumeleyo kunye neempuphuma, kwaye umkhondo kakuhle socando latitudinal. Winter ngaphantsi kakhulu, ihlobo zinde kwaye kufudumele, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukukhula kwemithi ezifana oki, uthuthu, maple, Linden, uHazel. Ngenxa uluntu ezintsonkothileyo isityalo kulo mmandla lwaya fauna, kunye, umzekelo, kwi-East European Plain inyathi eqhelekileyo, muskrat, yasendle, ingcuka, dlebe.

Zone kwamahlathi elingumxube entle ngaphezu Conifers, kwaye kukho izilwanyana ezitya izityalo ezinkulu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeentaka. ucando Geographical of ingxinano ezahlukeneyo nezitya zokutshiza lomlambo, ezinye zazo ebusika akuthethi ngumkhenkce.

A zone lenguqu phakathi emathafeni kunye ihlathi emathafeni ke, apho kukho alternation behlathi kunye engcotyeni phytocenoses.

emathafeni zone

Olu hlobo omnye, nto leyo echaza ucando yendalo. Yena iimeko zemozulu ezahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka kwiindawo zikhankanywe apha ngasentla, kwaye umahluko ophambili - ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kangangokuba akukho amahlathi kwaye kugcwele okuziinkozo nazo zonke imifuno ezahlukeneyo egubungela umhlaba kunye ikhaphethi oluqhubekayo. Ngaphandle kokuba le ndawo ayikho amanzi ngokwaneleyo, izityalo kukunyamezela imbalela kakuhle kakhulu, ngokufuthi ebashiya amancinci ubushushu nga kupheliswa ukuze kuthintelwe ngumphunga.

Le zezilwanyana abakuluhlu oluphezulu: kukho neempuphu izilwanyana, iimpuku, ezitya inyama. I-Russian emathafeni yeyona wokuhlola inkoliso yabantu ndawo iphambili yolimo.

Emaqeleni zifumaneka kwi-ikhweyitha nezi ndawo Southern, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe shwaka ngenxa Kwanokukhubela izilwanyana zehlabathi, umlilo, amadlelo.

zonation Latitudinal kunye altitudinal ezifumaneka emaqeleni, ngoko ke zahlulwe zenyathi ezininzi: entabeni (umzekelo, i-eCaucasus Iintaba), engcotyeni (uphawu of Western eSiberia), xerophilous, apho okuziinkozo ezininzi dernovidnnyh, nenkqantosi (baba Kalmykia emathafeni).

Entlango, le ndawo

utshintsho ngequbuliso kwenani iimeko zokusingqongileyo kuba ngumphunga idlula ezininzi izihlandlo imvula (7), kwaye ixesha ngethuba leenyanga ezintandathu. Njengotyani ndawo kuba sisityebi, kwaye ubukhulu becala kwafunyanwa iintlobo zengca, amatyholo, kunye namahlathi ingabonwa kuphela ecaleni kwemilambo. Ihlabathi isilwanyana zinemali isuntswana esifana okwenzeka kwindawo emathafeni: eninzi kweempuku kunye ezirhubuluzayo, ungulates Ebhadu kwiindawo ezingqonge.

Liyiqwalasele intlango inkulu eSahara, kodwa jikelele le ucando yendalo uphawu 11% ngaphantsi komhlaba, yaye ukuba sithe saphinda entlango arctic, ngoko-20%. Entlango zifumaneka kwindawo enemozulu ye kumntla ikhweyitha kunye ekweleenjiko kunye efudumeleyo.

definition zicacileyo ekweleenjiko ayikho, ekwanti imimandla ngokwezelizwe: afumileyo, Equatorial kunye sub-sentshinyela, apho kukho ukufana kumafa lwabo ehlathini, kodwa ezinye iiyantlukwano.

Wababela bonke amahlathi kwi Savannah, ehlathini kunye amahlathi sehlathi. osemqoka yawo eqhelekileyo kukuba imithi basoloko eluhlaza, kwaye umahluko phakathi kwezi kwimimandla ngexesha ithuba omile kwaye isina. Xa ixesha ingc inetha iinyanga 8-9. Sehlathi ihlathi uphawu eludinini kwimpuma njengezwekazi, apho utshintsho kwixesha elomileyo lonyaka kobusika ehlotyeni kufumile kunye iimvula elingenazo. Ihlathi Tropical ebonakala iqondo eliphezulu humidification kunye kwezulu inokuba ngaphezu 2000 mm.