Ziziphi izinto ekuthiwa aldehydes kunye ketones? Ukusetyenziswa aldehydes

Zithako ukuba kubume bayo iqela carbonyl ezi aldehydes okanye ketones. Iqela carbonyl aldehydes (RCOH) elingezantsi, banamathele a ezizizembiwa ezinkulu yaye omnye hydrogen atom. Kungenjalo, unako uthi ezi izinto eziqulathe iqela aldehyde (-COH), apho iziko carbonyl enxulumene noko atom hydrogen. Le ketones (RCOR '), radicals ezimbini ezizizembiwa yesondo kwiqela carbonyl. Igama livela asidi aldehyde, apho igcwala kokuba niguquke, umz, iimbovane (formaldehyde), ethyl (acetaldehyde), propionaldehyde, butyric, aldehydes valeric. Ngokutsho nokuhlelwa ngamazwe ekuthiwa aldehydes: ethanal, propanal. Amagama ifomu isihloko ketone radicals, apho ezidityaniswe ophela ketone. Umzekelo, dimethyl ketone (acetone), imethyl ethyl ketone. Isihloko nokuhlelwa ketone ngamazwe ovela ukongeza ukuvalwa ezizizembiwa wanyamalala, yaye kwinqanaba kuthinjwe iqela carbonyl ibonisa inani, umzekelo 2-propanone, 2-butanone. Ukusetyenziswa aldehydes kunye ketones, ngenxa iimpawu zomzimba kunye imichiza.

Aldehydes aqhelekile organic chemistry. iziqholo ezininzi enxulumene nezi izinto. Aldehydes babe iipropati kuzo ezahlukahlukeneyo zixhomekeke akha olukhulu molecule. Representative Lower - aldehyde formic - igesi, ezilandelayo - ezilulwelo, eziqinileyo liphezulu. Formaldehyde kunye acetaldehyde kakhulu kakuhle enyibilikayo emanzini, ukunyibilika kwezinye homologs lehla nge ukwandisa ubunzima eziphilayo. aldehydes Formic kwaye acetic abe livumba ivuza. Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa aldehydes ngenxa phambi kwesi molecule labo iqela carbonyl.

Amalungu amabini asezantsi olu ngcelele homologous kwi "ukusetyenziswa aldehydes" zezona zibalulekileyo ixabiso kwishishini - i formaldehyde kunye acetaldehyde. Formaldehyde iveliswa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, malunga nezigidi ezi-6. Iitoni / ngonyaka. Oku ikakhulu kusetyenziswa ekuvelisweni nentlaka. Ilungiswe yi polycondensation of urea , urea-formaldehyde intlaka ezifunekayo ukuze ukwenziwa ifayibha yamasuntswana iibhodi, urea-formaldehyde amagwebu, lokwenza iphepha amandla kumanzi okanye paperboard. Enye ukusetyenziswa ebalulekileyo aldehyde ngokusekelwe indlela formaldehyde kunye phenol polycondensation. Nomphumela yenkqubo nentlaka phenol formaldehyde (Bakelite) zizixhobo nanto, leyo ezifunwayo ngezobunjineli, ekwenziweni iimveliso zombane esirhabaxa, ekuvelisweni lacquers kunye yokuncamathelisa. Olulungiswe amalungiselelo formaldehyde zamachiza (isisombululo formaldehyde eyaziwa ngokuba formalin, isetyenziswa iyeza), irabha zokwenziwa, neziqhushumbisi kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi organic.

Acetaldehyde kwaba kanye imveliso elibalaseleyo, kodwa imithamo yemveliso phantsi, ngoku ukuvelisa ngaphantsi kwe kwesigidi esi-1. Ton / ngonyaka. Ngaphambili, esebenzisa acetaldehyde emveli njengoko izinto for acetic acid. Le acetaldehyde isicelo sehla kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuba acetic acid iveliswa ngakumbi ngendlela eyiyo ukusuka methanol (Monsanto nkqubo kunye nenkqubo Cativa). Kweli qela indlela amafu, acetaldehyde kuyinto ebaluleke ekrwada izinto ngenxa yezabelo pyridine of pentaerythritol kunye crotonaldehyde. Acetaldehyde kufuneka ekuveliseni iiplastiki (nentlaka luncedo olulungiswe urea kunye acetaldehyde).

Amanye amalungu ale ngcelele homologous nazo ezifunwayo emarikeni. ukusetyenziswa Urhwebo lwe aldehydes lidla ukuba zisetyenziswa izinto ekrwada ukuba Yindibanisela alkoholi Oxo ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa amabala. Ezinye aldehydes eziphezulu ziveliswa hi mpimo lowutsongo (iitoni ngaphantsi kwe 1000 / year) kwaye lusetyenziswe njengendlela izithako incasa amakha. Ezi ziquka Nesinamon kunye nezakhi zayo, kunye lilial citral.