Series homologous

Xa chemistry, kukho amaqela kwezinto eziphilayo, ebonakala ngeempawu ezifanayo kwaye Simanywe indlela ngokubanzi, nto leyo echaza ngokomfanekiso umahluko zolwakhiwo phakathi ngalinye ilungu esilandelayo kwiqela odlulileyo. Umzekelo, uthotho homologous of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , okanye namanye amaqela. Le nokuhlelwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba isifundo okanye umkhuba uqikelelo. Ngokuba izinto zemvelo ngaphakathi kwiqela, kukho utshintsho rhoqo iipropati yemichiza ngokwasemzimbeni, kwaye zingqamene bonke kunye notshintsho ubunzima eziphilayo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo leyo imithetho achaza indlela iimpawu kwezinto kwi utshintsho kwiqela elinye ukuya kwelinye. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na uthotho homologous, kufuneka siqwalasele imizekelo ezithile. Kuba naliphi iqela khompawundi ukunyusa iqondo lobushushu uphawu ukunyibilika (crystallization), ukubilisa (amafu) kunye ezinoxinano kunye nokwandisa ubunzima ezinto eziphilayo kunye nenani athom kwekhabhoni molecule.

hydrocarbon kugcwale kuthiwa paraffinic okanye igcwaliswe; bamele acyclic (akukho imijikelo) compound ngqo okanye izakhiwo branched, i-atom kwi molecule apho uncediswa kwiintambo elinye. Le ndlela yokubala bungama CnH2n + 2 kwaye ichaza uthotho homologous of alkanes. Ngasinye ukunyuka ilungu elandelayo xa kuthelekiswa yangaphambili omnye C atom kunye athom ezimbini ukuya H. ayegcwele hydrocarbon ziquka:

• methane;
• methane;
• propane, njalo-njalo.

Kuba hydrocarbon kugcwale ibandakanya cycloparaffins. Le iqela elikhulu oganikhi khompawundi ogama molecule enziwe amakhonkco ezivaliweyo. series Homologous kubo i CnH2n ifomula, iqala kunye imichiza ukuya athom zekhabhoni ezintathu. Imizekelo cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, njl

hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo okanye unsaturated nazo acyclic. Ezi ziquka izinto oluqhelekileyo kunye ISO-isakhiwo. series Homologous of alkenes yokuba ifomula jikelele CnH2n. Ezi zinto luphawulwa bubukho omnye iqhina kabini phakathi athom ezimbini carbon. Ukuba kumqolo wangaphambili iqala nge ezizizembiwa kunye carbon atom (methane), eliqala nge izinto kwi molecule equlethe athom ezimbini carbon. Imizekelo alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, njalo-njalo.

Hydrocarbon kwi molecule athom zekhabhoni ezimbini eziqhagamshelene bond triple ezi unsaturated ngakumbi, kungenjalo obizwa ngokuba iasithilini. Ayavumelana luthotho homologous of alkynes. Oku kuchazwa yi kwifomula CnH2n-2 kwaye uqala iasithilini kwifomula bawo athom ezimbini C. Imizekelo alkynes:

• ethini;
• propyne;
• butyn-1 njalo njalo.

hydrocarbon acyclic unsaturated apho molecule iye imixokelelwane ezimbini kabini kuthiwa diene. Baye indlela jikelele CnH2n-2. series lwabo homologous iqala nge ezizizembiwa kunye athom ezintathu kwekhabhoni molecule. Ibhondi kabini unako conjugated (ezahlulwe sisithuba bond omnye) Cumulated (ibekwe kwi atom ezikufutshane) okanye bodwa (ezahlulwe iibhondi ezininzi single). Imizekelo zikaDienes:

• 1,2-propadiene;
• 1,3-butadiene;
• isoprene, njl

Iqela olulodwa ukhandwa iikhemikhali Isakhiwo elibujikele kwi zinemoletyhule ene-ring benzene. series Homologous of ezizizembiwa kwenxenye enuka luqala umchiza kunye athom carbon ezintandathu - benzene. Homologues kolu ngcelele akhiwa sifake athom hydrogen enye okanye ngaphezulu, banamathele ngekhonkco yebhenzina kwi radicals. Ngenxa yoko, inani kwezinto: benzene, toluene, xylene. Ukuba molecule iye substituents ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezibonisa ubukho isomers ezi izinto. Okunye series homologous of aromatics akhiwa naphthalene, anthracene, kunye nezinye izinto.

Ukuba molecule ezizizembiwa na iqela esebenzayo, iikhemikhali kwakhona kuyenza uhide homologous.

• alkoholi eziliqela ubonakala ngokuba e zinemoletyhule iqela hydroxyl (-OH). Kuba monoalcohols omnye hydrogen atom kwi ezizizembiwa acyclic ubanjelwe iqela hydroxyl; ifomula yabo: CnH2n + 1OH. Kukho kwakhona uthotho lwe polyols.
• phenols aliqela luphawulwa phambi kwesi molecule kunye neqela hydroxyl (-OH), kodwa indawo hydrogen kwi khonkcweni benzene.
• Waphawulwa ngezinto eziliqela of aldehydes molecule umchiza compound kweqela carbonyl i (> C = O) nganye; aldehydes formula ngokubanzi: R-CH = O.
• A Inani ketones nazo azakubalulwa phambi kweqela carbonyl i (> C = O), kodwa xa edibene aldehydes ezinkulu, ngoko ke ketones ezimbini hydrocarbon olukhulu. Ketones ifomula: R1-CO-R2.
• A Inani asidi carboxylic ziyahluka kwezinye iikhemikhali iqela carboxyl, sidibanisa carbonyl kunye hydroxyl amaqela. Formula - RCOOH.

Kuba komkrozo ngamnye, nokuba aldehydes homologous series, గుర్తులు ibhaloni asidi (organic), alkoholi okanye ezinye izinto, iimpawu zabo iya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo qela ezisebenzayo kunye ngokwendalo ziyahluka nombolo ezandayo izinto ubunzima eziphilayo. Le zokuhlela i iklasi ebanzi anemichiza kunceda ukuqonda uhlobo kwaye bafunde iimpawu zazo.