Iindlela ukufunda imbali yamandulo mandulo

"Khangela, ejongene elidlulileyo, singena wasifudusela imfihlelo ubomi babantu", - watsho uKarl Jaspers. Kwaye ngenene, kwabakho imfuneko bahlole elidluleyo, ngokucacileyo, kula maxesha, apho nabuganga ukukhangela zakudala kuphela. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ibonisa yemihla baba phakathi lineenkcukacha zobhalo lokuqala eChina, baseYiputa, aseBhabhiloni kunye nezinye izizwe yamandulo. Kodwa ke kokufika rekhodi baqalisa ukuba waziva indlela umlando ngokuswela khangela neziganeko intsingiselo kunye nonxibelelwano iindlela imbali ukufunda bazalwa phakathi izibakala ngamnye.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho esithile akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle izakhiwo kunye nezigaba esele Asiqali zembali. Ngaloo ndlela kuvela ingxaki kobudlelwane phakathi kwesiganeko kunye udidi ishwankathela izibakala. Inkqubo ezaziwayo yokuqala yeendidi, leyo zombini ezibalulekileyo ezimbalini kunye bulumko, ezenzeka ukususela amabali wentsomi malunga sisiqalo kwehlabathi. Babelane ixesha wentsomi (engcwele) kunye nembali (ezihlambelayo), ngenxa yokuba ixesha kuwo nelithi "ukonakala". Noko ke, iindlela ukufunda imbali yeli xesha ezazingaziwa kuba yokucinga wentsomi aliquki ingqikelelo inguqu ukusuka kuluntu ukuya komnye yaye abazange baqaphele nokuba uluntu okanye umntu. Ukongeza, le ntsomi, owazisa, echaza babesilela kuba isityhilelo kunye inkcazo - ezi zizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo zendalo.

Kufuphi ukuqonda kwethu kunye nokutolikwa imbali buqala amaqhawe, apho iqokobhe wentsomi ityhila imbali yabantu ezithile, ezifana iBhayibhile okanye "Iliad." Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba nayiphi na iindlela zenzululwazi ndifunda imbali, kwabakho ukwazi zembali. Ukuqaphela xesha, iinguqu ezenzeka nabantu, neentlanga kunye nehlabathi. Yaba uphawu-mbali zaseYiputa, yamaYuda, yaseTshayina yamandulo. Akumangalisi phantse ngaxeshanye wahlala abantu obalaseleyo, uzalo babizwa "ooyise kwimbali" - uHerodotus Thucydides e Greece kunye Syma Tsyan e China. Bayibeka isiseko utoliko yokuziphatha kwabantu kwimeko ixesha, kwaye bazama ukunika iziganeko ingqiqo ethile.

Lo mphengululi babenalo ilungelo wokudala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo historiography. Thucydides wadala indlela yenzululwazi kunye nokunganyanzelisi nto, ukukhethwa ngenyameko ezikhoyo kunye nobungqina zithembekile, kwaye nguHerodotus - i emva kwimbali inkcazelo, ukukwazi ukuqonda kwaye icacise uyilo ngokunzulu kumnceda ntoni na inkqubo yembali. Kukholelwa ukuba njengomntwana onengqondo odumileyo, indlela yembali yehlabathi, intsingiselo apho wazama ukuba umkhondo. Sinokuthi kamsinya nje ezelwe,-mbali bamandulo baqalisa ukuba bazobe endle yentsebenziswano phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko - amaGrike kunye bakhona, bakhona kunye Han (Chinese). Kule intsimi, ekubeni bezabalazela igunya kunye nempembelelo. Kodwa inkcaso kuphela kugqiba ikhosi iziganeko.

Iindlela ukufunda imbali nolusetyenziswa mandulo kunye ababhali bamandulo, ndisiya kwisigqibo ukuba izibakala ezithile efihliweyo komhlaba, engaziwa nentsonkothileyo kuthi imikhosi abantu badla zachazwa ithuba. Ababhali-mbali baye bachaza iindlela ezimbini kubo.

Kwelinye icala, oonobangela iziganeko zisekelwe yobuntu, ngokukhanuka amandla, okanye izinto ezithile zentlalo-nasengqondweni. abaphengululi ezininzi zamaGrike namaRoma unxibelelanise oonobangela impumelelo kunye nokusilela kumanyano yangaphakathi demo okanye ukuphikisana, umgaqo, abantu kunye norhulumente. Kwelinye icala, xa indlela yembali iphazamise imikhosi enamandla ngakumbi - nxi, ikamva. Xa xesha Alexander Omkhulu kunye uBukhosi baseRoma ekugqibeleni waqalisa ukulawula ngobhalo kwimbali yonke. A ummeli ebalulekileyo yale ndlela yokucinga yaba Polybius. Xa umsebenzi wakhe wayezama nje ukushwankathela nokuhlalutya izinto sele kugqitywe ziyahlelwa lukarhulumente, koko nokunxibelelanisa theory ezopolitiko izibakala.

Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba indlela yokuqala yembali yabonakala kumaxesha amandulo, xa ingcamango abekwa phambili okokuqala ukuba imbali, njengaye nawuphi na inzululwazi, kukuba ukuvula iipateni rhoqo azalwa ngexesha imicimbi yabantu ngexesha.

Noko ke, ababhali-mbali bamandulo babekholelwa ukuba inkqubela kula matyala ezikhandelwa ngokwe ezithile, kodwa akwaziwa kakuhle kakhulu okanye siyibone imithetho. Le nkqubo iqondwe nokushiywa, ukuthotywa okanye ejikeleza elibujikele. UHesiod wanika enye yokuqala eYurophu periodization utshintsho ubunjani phakathi emihlanu "kangangeenkulungwane", enxulumene ukuwa yokuziphatha. Polybius, Noko ke, wacinga ukuba ibali iqalisa uluhlu lotshintsho ezilandelelanayo kolawulo eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko - idemokhrasi, oligarchy nguzwilakhe. Kodwa phantse zonke mbali bamandulo kunye zobulumko babeqinisekile ukuba bahlala ixesha eyoyikekayo wokuhla, ilindele inguqu enkulu.