Ziziphi iimatodes emhlabeni? Ukulwa nabo

Unyaka wonke abantu abaninzi baqala ukukhula imifuno kunye neziqhamo kwiqonga labo. Ukuvelisa isityalo esisityebi, izityalo kufuneka zibonelele ngokufanelekileyo. Enye yezona zinambuzane eziqhelekileyo eziba yingozi kakhulu kumyezo zi-neematodes emhlabeni. Ukulwa nabo (ifoto yesiphumo sazo zizinambuzane zibukeka zisongela kakhulu) zinokusekelwe ekusebenziseni iindlela ezahlukeneyo, nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufumana ezi zigulo ngexesha. Ngaphandle koko, i-nematodes ingakhokelela ekubhujisweni ngokupheleleyo kwezityalo, kunye nokudala umonakalo omkhulu kwimpilo yabantu kunye nezilwanyana.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ngaphambi kokuba ufumanise indlela yokujongana nalezi zinyango, kufuneka uxoxe malunga nendlela i-nematodes ekhangele ngayo, iifoto ezisemhlabeni ezingenakudideka naluphi na uhlobo lwenkunkuma.

Kukho iintlobo ezingamashumi amathathu zeematodes, ezinokuhlulwa ngezigaba ezintathu:

• Ukuchaphazela izityalo;
• Ingozi kwizilwanyana;
• Ukumela ingozi kubantu.

Eli nqaku liza kujongana neematodes ezihlasela izityalo. Ukutya kulezi zinambuzane yijusi yezityalo, ngoko ukukhula nokuphuhliswa kwazo kuphuculwa kakhulu. Ukuba awuqali ukulwa nematodes ngexesha, isityalo siya kufa. Nika ingcamango yokuba i-nematodes ibheka njani, iifoto zomhlaba. Indlela yokujongana nale nambuzane, ngamnye umlimi kufuneka azi. Kubalulekile ukuba neengcamango zendlela eziphambili zokuthintela.

Inkcazo yempawu zangaphandle zeematodes

Iimatatodes ziimpethu ngebude bemilimitha ezimbini. Abantu abesifazana nabesilisa bahluke ngokubonakalayo komnye. Ixesha langaphambili linalo ubude obude. Ukuma komzimba weempethu kungabomjikeleza, ku-oval okanye kuboleni, ukukhumbuza umgca.

Iimatatodes emhlabeni (ukulwa nabo kuyahluka kakhulu) zibombala nomhlophe. Iifomo zinesistim se-muscular esilungileyo kunye negobolondo elikhuselayo, elinesisindo esikhulu. Intloko yeebhubu imncinci, inomlomo ohambayo, apho izilwanyana zidla khona.

I-Nematodes ivelisa ngokubeka amaqanda ombala omhlophe, onokuthi ube nomlo ojikelezayo okanye oval. I-Larva ngaphandle ingabonakali njengabantu abadala, inomxholo omhlophe kunye nomzimba obala.

I-Nematodes, iifoto kwimhlaba ekhangeleka kakhulu, inomqondo ophuculweyo wokuthintela, ngenxa yokuba umzimba wabo uphelelwe ngokupheleleyo. Izinambuzane zikhetha i-microclimate eyomileyo nefudumeleyo, efanelekileyo yokuzalisa amaqanda.

Iintlobo zeNatatode

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukuqwalasela iindlela eziphambili zokulwa nezi ntlobo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zazo. Ukongeza kwi-classification ye-neematodes emhlabeni (umzabalazo nabo ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu), ukutya izityalo, kukho iindidi ezilandelayo:

• Leaf;
• Amaqabunga eCauline;
• Umsuka.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba nayiphi na iindidi zale mibungu ingengozi zonke izityalo. Ziyakuchaphazela izityalo zemiyezo kunye negadi, kunye nezityalo zangaphakathi. Umsebenzi obalulekileyo weemodoti zonke zifana, kodwa kukho ukungafani kwangaphandle, kunye nokukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlala.

Leaf nematode

Olu hlobo lwesibungu lukhula lufike ku-1 millimeter kuphela, kwaye umzimba unesimo se-filaments kunye nombala we-beige. Bahlala kumaqabunga ezityalo, abazondla ngazo. I-leaf nematode yiyona ndawo ixhaphake kakhulu kummandla wethu, ongabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizityalo.

Ndingayifumana njani malunga nokubonakala kwe-leaf nematode engadini?

Ukubonakala kwe-nematode emhlabathini kwisalathiso (umzabalazo nabo ubangele inkathazo kubalimi abaninzi) ihamba neempawu ezilandelayo:

• Amahlamvu alahlekelwa ngumbala oqhelekileyo kwaye agqitywe ngamanqaku amdaka;
• Iifama ziqala ukuphazamisa;
• I-Petioles yanda ngobukhulu;
• Isityalo siqala ukukhula kakuhle kwaye sivelise isiqhamo;
• Ukuhlawula kwixesha leentyantyambo lihlanganiswe ngamanqaku amdaka;
• Iindawo eziluhlaza zibonakala kwiindawo ezincinci zamagqabhagqabi, abuye avuke.

Ukuba awuyi kuqali ukulawulwa kwezilwanyana ngexesha, ngoko isityalo siya kumiswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ekugqibeleni sibole ngokupheleleyo. Kule meko, isisombululo sale ngxaki sifanele sihanjiswe ngendlela epheleleyo, kuba i-nematodes emhlabathini (ukulwa nabo kunzima kakhulu) bayakwazi ukunyamezela nayiphi na iqabunga kwaye kunyaka ozayo baya kudla ezinye izityalo.

Ukuthandana kwamathandle amaqabunga amaqabunga

Njengoko kukhankanywe ngaphambili, le mibhobho i-parasitic inokuchaphazela nantoni na iindidi zityalo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zihlasela ezi zityalo ezilandelayo:

• Strawberry;
• Chrysanthemum;
• Igumbi lokulala;
• Orchid;
• Umthi wemali;
• Astra;
• Dahlia;
• Iingubo.

Ngoko ke, ukuba usebenza ekuhlaleni kwezi zityalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufezekisa amanyathelo athile okukhusela kwangaphambili ukuwakhusela kwi-nematode. Baza kuxutyushwa emva kancinci.

I-stem nematode

Iimatidi ze stem emhlabathini wezityalo zangaphakathi ziqheleke kakhulu, eziza kubakho iziflethi ezininzi. Olu hlobo lwesibungu lukhula lude ubude buyi-millimeter. Izibetho ziqule, amaqabunga kunye neentyantyambo zityalo, ukufikelela kuzo kwi-rhizome.

Ubuninzi bezinambuzane zingabonwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ukukhula kwetyala kuphungula;
• Ubunzima behlumela buya kwanda, umbala owenzelayo;
• Ukuhluma okukhahlelayo ngokukhawuleza kubune kwaye kuwele;
• Ukungabikho kwamanyathelo okulawula iintlekele, intyatyambo ifa.

Iimatidi ze-stem zikhetha ukungcola, kodwa nangona kunjalo ziyakwazi ukusinda ixesha elide phantsi kweemeko zemozulu. Ngokudla kaninzi, iimbungu zezi ntlobo ziyi-parasitic kwizityalo zemifuno.

I-root nematode

I-nematode yengcambu inobungakanani bomzimba obukhulu, obunombala obomvu okanye obomvu kwaye bunokufikelela ubude bama-millimitha, ngoko ke ukwahlula kwezinye iintlobo kulula. Le nkathazo yingozi enkulu kwizityalo, njengoko ichaphazela inkqubo yayo. Kule meko, isityalo siyayeka ukukhula, kwaye sinyuka kancane, de ekugqibeleni asifi.

Iyintoni ingozi yematodes for izityalo?

Ngaphambi kokuba uxoxe ngendlela yokulahla imatode emhlabathini, kufuneka uxoxe ngeengozi ezibangelwa yizi ntlanzi kwiintlanzi. Izityalo ezidlayo, iimbungu, kunye nejusi, ziphuma kuzo zonke izakhi ezinomsoco. Ukongezelela, iimveliso ezibalulekileyo zezinto ezi zinambuzane ziyi-toxins ezinamandla, zityhefu izityalo ezilahlekelwa yifomu yazo kunye nombala, ziyeke ukukhula nokuphuhlisa, kwaye zizise nokuvunwa okungaphezulu.

Ubunzima obunzima bokulwa nematodes kukuba ubukho babo bunzima ukuyijonga ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ngeso lesiso, oku akunakwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu becala. Iifama kunye ne-cauline izibindi zingabonakala kuphela ngeglasi ephakamileyo, kwaye izimpompo zihlala emhlabeni, ngoko kuya kufuneka ufune ukumba isityalo. Inkqubo yeengcambu kulo mzekelo iya kubutywa ngamatywina emdaka.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba, ngenxa yezinto ezinobuthi ezikhutshwe yi-nematodes, ukutshisa nokucaphukisa kungabonakala kwesikhumba, ngoko ke, xa ulwa neempethu, umntu kufuneka ahlale egqoke iimpahla ezide kunye neiglavu.

Izindlela zokulawulwa kwezinambuzane

Wonke umlimi kunye nomyezo wegadi baye banomdla kumbuzo wokujongana nematode emhlabathini. Le nkqubo kunzima, ngoko ke ukuba isityalo sonakaliswe kakhulu, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwezidumbu kumasiko angomakhelwane, kungcono ukulahla.

Iindlela eziphambili

Abagadi beliqalo abazange bave ngokuzaliseka, yindlela eyona ndlela efanelekileyo yokulawula izinambuzane. Yintoni inkunkuma yomhlaba ngokumelene nematodes? Olu unyango lwezityalo kunye nomhlaba enezinto ezikhethekileyo zetyhefu kunye nemiphunga yazo. Ukuthenga iikhemikhali kunokuya kwiphina ivenkile yokulima. Abafama abanolwazi bancomela ukusebenzisa "i-Nefamos", "Dimetoat" okanye "iVidat", ephikisa izityalo. Ukuze zenzeke ngakumbi, unyango lwezonyango lwezityalo luyenziwa kangcono ngosuku olusicacileyo, oluzolileyo. Ukuba isityalo sichaphazeleka yimimodoti yeengcambu, iikhemikhali zihlanjululwa ngamanzi kwaye zathengiswa kwinkqubo yeengcambu. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le mali ibulala kuphela izibungu ezikhulayo, ngoko ukucoca ukucetyiswa ukuba kwenziwe maxesha amaninzi ukwenzela ukuba ama-larvae afe.

Ezinye iindlela zokulwa nezibungu

Olunye uhlobo lweekhemikhali ngabaphathi bezinto eziphilayo. Zikhuselekile ngokupheleleyo kwizityalo nakubantu, kuba ayinayo nayiphi na i-toxins ekubunjweni kwayo. Esinye sezidakamizwa ezinamandla kakhulu kweli qela yiNematofagin. Xa usebenzisa, i-dosage eboniswe ngumenzi kufuneka ilandelwe ngqo. Ngaphandle koko, isityalo singatshisa kwaye sife. Ukuba unomdla kumbuzo wendlela yokuphatha umhlaba kwi-nematode enobungozi obuncinane kwisityalo, ngoko-ke izithuthi ze-biological ziza kuba sisisombululo esiphezulu sokugcina izityalo kwiintlobo.

Xa ulwa nezibungu ezidla i-rhizome, ungasebenzisa kwakhona unyango lomshushu. Ngenxa yoko, isityalo sitshitshisiwe, iindawo ezonakalisiweyo zenkqubo yazo zinqunywe, emva koko i-rhizome ibhaptiza imizuzu emi-5 emanzini, ifuthe ukuya kuma-degree angama-50. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukuba iimpompo zikwazi ukubetha ininzi kwinkqubo yenkcenkcesho, ke le ndlela ingaba yinto engenamsebenzi, ukususela xa ususa inxalenye enkulu ye-rhizome, isityalo asiyi kuphila.

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu kuzaliswe, isityalo sityalwe kwindawo entsha. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqhelekile kwaye yakwazi ukubuyiswa, inani elincinci lokulungiselela i-antinematode linconywa ukuba longezelelwe phantsi emthonjeni. Emva kokutshala umhlaba kufuneka ukhululeke. Oku kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukubonelela ngenkqubo yeengcambu ngokubonelela okwaneleyo oksijini. Le ndlela ilungele ukulawula i-nematodes nayiphi na into eyahlukileyo, kodwa kwimeko yeempompo ezinamaqabunga kunye neentlobo, ukucubungula kweemveliso zamagqabi kunye neziqu zenziwa. Kule meko, ukutsalwa kwezityalo kuyimfuneko.

Amanyathelo okukhusela

Ngoko ke, iindlela eziphambili ze-nematode emhlabathini zilungiselelo zamakhemikhali, nangona kunjalo zinobutyhefu, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunokubangela inzuzo kunye nokulimala. Ngoko ke, kunokulwa neentlekele, kungcono ukuzama ukukhusela ukubonakala kwazo.

Ukwenza oku, yenza ezi zilandelayo:

• Ukulwa rhoqo nokhula;
• Ngexesha, susa amaqabunga awele;
• Susa amahlamvu aphuzi kwizityalo;
• Yenza ukutshintshwa kwezityalo ngezihlandlo;
• Ukuqhawula rhoqo umhlaba;
• Khetha ngokukhethekileyo izinto zokutyala;
• Musa ukutyhila izityalo ngamanzi amaninzi;
• Yonke ikwindla ibumba ngasemva.

Ukuthobela ezi ngcebiso kunye neziphakamiso ezilula, kunokwenzeka ukukhusela ukubonakala kweematode kuphela, kodwa nezinye ezininzi izilwanyana.

Isiphelo

Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, isityalo sasichaphazeleka yimpompo kwaye ayixhomekeke ekubuyiselweni, ngoko kufuneka isitshiswe. Ukuba oku kungenziwa, iimbungu ziya kufakelwa kwezinye izityalo, ezinokufa. Kubalulekile ukufumana iintsholongwane ngexesha, kuba banamandla okuzala. Ngoko ke, ukuba ufuna ukuba umyezo wakho uhlale uhlelekile kwaye unike isivuno esihle, jonga ngaso naliphi na ixesha lonyaka.