Yokurhoxa Khrushchev. Ebudeni bolawulo izizathu yokurhoxa kwe Nikity Sergeevicha Hruschova

Ubomi yezopolitiko post-imfazwe USSR uzinzile. Nantoni na ku-1991, mna lwalunqabile kakhulu. Abantu uza kufumana kusetyenziswa imeko asakhasayo imicimbi, abameli balo okusemandleni ngovuyo wayisa eni beenkokheli entsha Red Square ngo Meyi nangoNovemba imiboniso, nabo elungileyo kakhulu, kodwa mbi, ngelo xesha kunye nabo benza kwaloo nto inye nakwezinye izixeko, amaziko ezithili kunye needolophana needolophu. Zabhukuqwa okanye iqela obhubhileyo kunye nabaqashi karhulumente (ngaphandle uLenin) ilityalwe phantse nangoko, nkqu ezinoburharha ngazo wayeka ngokubhala. imisebenzi Outstanding senkolelo ziye fundanga ezikolweni, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi - zatshintshwa yi oonobhala ezitsha jikelele le ncwadi, malunga umxholo efanayo. Ngaphandle kuka N. S. Hruschev - sezopolitiko, wabhukuqa igunya Stalin ngayo ukuze athathe indawo yakhe iingqondo nemiphefumlo.

ityala unique

Okunene Kwimeko ongasetyenziswayo kuyo yonke abakhokheli bamaqela, kungekuphela nje ngaphambili kodwa emva kwakhe. ukuba ehle Utyando kunye bathuleyo Khrushchev, ngaphandle kwakusidla yomngcwabo elimisiweyo nezityhilelo kwenzeka phantse ngokukhawuleza yaye ndabona ngathi iyelenqe kakuhle. Ngandlel 'ithile, waba njalo, kodwa imigangatho Charter Party, yonke imimiselo yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko mbaleko. bonke Kwathi kakhulu ngokwedemokhrasi, nakuba sikho kakhulu zizizathu admixture centralism. Bahlanganisana i plenum engaqhelekanga saxubusha indlela nabo, wasigweba ezinye iintsilelo zalo yaye yavumelana imfuno endaweni yawo, xa umqhubi. Njengoko kubhaliweyo kwimizuzu ngoko, "Phulaphula - zisonjululwe." Kakade ke, xa izinto yiSoviet kule meko yaye wohlukile, njengokuba era Khrushchev yonke imimangaliso eyenzeke kuye kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Zonke oonobhala zangaphambili nangenxa jikelele ngokunzulu basiwa incwadi yesicelo necropolis - indawo indawo yabo yokuphumula yokugqibela - xa moya umpu, ngaphandle Gorbachev, kakade. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba Gorbachev kwaye ngoku uyaphila, yaye okwesibini, kukho isithuba wemka ngenxa yesiqwenga eso, kwaye ngokunxulumene ukupheliswa ofisi yakhe hlobo. Okwesithathu, into Nikita Sergeyevich baba efanayo. Elinye icala unique, kodwa oku akukho ngaye.

I lilinge lokuqala

Yokurhoxa Khrushchev, owenzeka ngo-Oktobha 1964, bekukho kuloo ingqiqo ethile le yesibini yokuzama. Phantse iminyaka esixhenxe ngaphambi kwesi siganeko kwimbali yelizwe-ilungu ezintathu Elawulayo leKomiti Central, ebizwa ngokwahlukileyo "iqela anti-Party", oko kukuthi Kaganovich, Molotov kunye Malenkov, laqalisa inkqubo ukususwa kumandla kaNobhala yokuqala. Xa siqwalasela ukuba eneneni kwakukho amane (ukuba baphume kuloo meko, omnye conspirator, Shepilova, wabhengeza "abajoyine"), ngoko bonke efanayo kwenzeka ngokungqinelana nale tshatha party. Kwafuneka ukuba usebenzise imilinganiselo engekho semgangathweni. Amalungu eKomiti Central ngokukhawuleza kuziswa eMoscow ukuba plenum evela kwilizwe liphela ngu moya zomkhosi, esebenzisa i-high speed interceptor MIG (umqeqeshi zaseprayimari "Sparky" Uti) kunye ekuhlaseleni. uncedo olukhulu ke uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo G. K. zhukov (ngaphandle yokurhoxa Khrushchev wayeza kuqhubeka ngo-1957). "Kulumkele Stalin kaThixo" liye bangabi: yokuqala yazo wagxothwa Elawulayo leKomiti Central uze ke, njengoko ngo-1962 waza wagxothwa ngokupheleleyo ukusuka Party. Kwaye akwazi ukudubula njengoko L. P. Beriyu, kodwa ayikho into eyenzekayo.

ngumba

Khrushchev ngo-1964 yaba yimpumelelo kuphela ngenxa yokuba isenzo kakuhle ukulungele, kodwa ngenxa yokuba yanelisekile phantse yonke. Amabango ezenziwe ngo-Oktobha Iseshoni yomntu, ngokuba lonke icala labo iqela-izicelo ayikwazi engamelanga ithathwe njenge ayinabulungisa. Phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo ngobuchule ebalulekileyo kwezopolitiko kunye zezoqoqosho owawuviwa ukusilela avela. Kwiqula-ntle okugqithileyo kwabasebenzi sibi, amalinge ngqindilili entsimini yemboniselo kwakhokelela isiqingatha ubomi yomkhosi kunye waselwandle, iifama zithokombisile, baba "ngusozigidi phezu koko," udumo ngamazwe bawa. Izizathu yokurhoxa Khrushchev baba kuninzi, kwaye waba lokulwa. Abantu wavuma ukutshintsha kwamandla kunye namagosa uSathana awayevuya olufinyeziweyo cwaka gleefully ngokukhuhla izandla zabo, amagcisa abaye bafumana icon kaNobel kwi Stalin ngexesha, yamkele kukuvakaliswa kwedemokhrasi qela. amafama corn imazi udiniwe imimandla zemozulu akazange alindele unobhala jikelele olutsha imimangaliso, kodwa akuphuhlanga kakuhle wayeyinqwenela okuhle. Ngokubanzi, emva yokurhoxa kwimvukelo ethandwayo Khrushchev ayizange yenzeke.

Impumelelo Nikita Sergeyevich

Kubulungisa asikwazi, basilele ukukhankanya izinto okuqaqambileyo likwazile ukwenza kule minyaka kolawulo lwakhe, wayindulula unobhala yokuqala.

Okokuqala, eli lizwe iye yaba kuthotho lweziganeko yaphawula ukumka kwimikhwa udakumbile kwaye ngegqudu le Stalin kwexesha. Zibizwa jikelele ukubuyela imigaqo Leninist yobunkokheli, kodwa ngokwenyani kukugcina ukudilizwa phantse zonke ezinqabileyo ezininzi (ngaphandle izinto gori), imvume aprinte uncwadi ebhenca ubundlobongela, kwaye isebe lomgca lepati phezu neempawu lomlinganiswa abafa ngo 1953 inkokeli.

Okwesibini, abalimi ezidityanelweyo ekugqibeleni kukhutshwa zokundwendwela, ngokusesikweni bakuzibalela ukuba kudidi abemi Soviet kunye namalungelo ngokupheleleyo. Oku akuthethi inkululeko yokuzikhethela indawo yakhe yokuhlala, kodwa ezinye amakroba isekhona.

Okwesithathu, amashumi ambalwa kuye impumelelo zokwakha zokuhlala. Izigidi square metres zaye ayiqeshileyo ngonyaka, kodwa nakuba impumelelo omkhulu onjalo, iiflethi nangoku akwanelanga. Esi sixeko saba "aphakama" ukuza kumafama zabo zangaphambili nabaqeshi (cm. Umhlathi Edlulileyo). Housing wawuxinene ubenetloni, kodwa "Khrushchev" kwabonakala ngoko abemi zabo ezinde zingumqondiso, iintsingiselo ezintsha mihla.

Okwesine, isithuba kwaye kwakhona yonke. Yokuqala kunye kakhulu yonke imijukujelwa Soviet. Gagarin, titov, Tereshkova, ephambi kwabo, izinja Proteins, iintolo neenkwenkwezi - konke oku kwabangela ngomdla omkhulu. Ukongeza, ezi mpumelelo zaye ezinxulumene ngqo ukhuseleko. Abemi eSoviet babelixabisa elo lizwe apho ayehlala, nangona ngezizathu oku kangangoko babefuna.

Kwakukho amanye amaphepha Kukhazimlayo, ixesha Khrushchev, kodwa zange enkulu kangaka. Izigidi amabanjwa ezopolitiko akhululwa, kodwa ngaphandle kweminquba, bafumanisa ukuba ngoku ulwimi kubhetele ukuba ugcine umlomo wakhe ndithule. Ke zithembekile.

nobudlelwane

Lo mkhwa namhlanje kuphela unxulumano oluhle. abaphila kubonakale ngaloo minyaka le vosprjala lizwe ebuthongweni ebusika elide, linjengebhere esithe nkqi. Zazhurchal zombini, bezikrokrela ilizwi lenyaniso malunga kwiintlungu kwiStalinism kunye iinkampu Gulag, amazwi neembongi bevuthela kwi lesikhumbuzo ukuze Pushkin, dudes ngokuzingca wavuthulula zabo hairdos zabo bouffant kunye saya umdaniso rock 'n' roll. Malunga lo mfanekiso ibonisa bhanyabhanya mihla esekelwe kumxholo baloo mashumi angamahlanu, kunye gqira. Awu, zinto kulungile. Nkqu aguquke kwaye wakhululwa ngamabanjwa opolitiko ahlale disenfranchised. Izindlu kwakwanele, yaye "eqhelekileyo", ukuba abemi akukho phantsi.

Kwaye kukho nenye into ebalulekileyo yimvelo yabo engqondweni. Kwanabo baye babandezeleka ukusuka yinkohlakalo Stalin kaThixo, ngokufuthi wahlala abalandeli bakhe. Babengenako kuyinyamezela krwada kuboniswa ekubhukuqekeni izithixo zabo. Ndaya pun malunga yokuzinikela, leyo, Kakade ke, kodwa malunga nokuzazi, nayo leyo esenzeka. Nealam kwi nisprovergatelya amanqaku embi kunye ityala lakhe xa betshutshiswa.

Stalinists baseka yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye nkqubo ababengaxolanga Khrushchev yaye ukugxothwa kwakhe amandla baqonda njengempindezelo nje.

ukunganeliseki ethandwayo

Xa gqira yokuqala imeko yezoqoqosho eSoviet Union waqalisa ukuba maxongo. Izizathu zoku baba baninzi. ukusilela Crop haunted iifama, ndayihluthwa izigidi ezininzi zabasebenzi abasebenza kwiziza zokwakha ezisezidolophini kunye neefektri. Le milinganiselo ngokwemo irhafu ephezulu imithi neenkomo yakhokelela ukuba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu: ukugawula mass "ukuvuthela phantsi imela" imfuyo.

Ibonwe yaye kakhulu esinombala emva kweminyaka "ngesothuso ebomvu" intshutshiso abanamava ngamakholwa. Khrushchev Imisebenzi kule ndawo ingachazwa njengento singamaqaba. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenkani ukuvalwa amabandla nezigodlo kwakhokelela igazi.

Ngoko ayikaqondwa olwenziwe kunye nohlaziyo "Polytechnic" sikolo abangafundanga. We kukufa kuphela ngo-1966, kwaye neziphumo abachaphazelekayo ixesha elide.

Ukongeza, ngo-1957 urhulumente wayeka intlawulo ezintanjeni, iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ngenkani ebekwe yi abasebenzi. Namhlanje iya kubizwa ngokuba default.

Izizathu ukungoneliseki baba baninzi, kuquka izinga lokukhula kumashishini, sikhatshwe ukuhla kwamaxabiso, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya. Nomonde abantu alishiyi gxa: baqalisa uqhushululu, eyona idumileyo kuzo iziganeko Novocherkassk. Abasebenzi wadutyulwa izikwere, basindileyo babanjwa, wazama, waza wagwetywa ngomlinganiselo ofanayo ngaphezulu. Abantu unombuzo yendalo kuvela: kutheni Khrushchev ndinyeliswe lehlelo Stalin ngayo ubuntu noko ngcono?

ixhoba Okulandelayo - bombutho USSR

Kwisiqingatha sesibini baloo mashumi angamahlanu, iSoviet Army yathotyelwa yahlasela, etshabalalisayo umonakalo. Hayi, hayi imikhosi NATO kunye amaMelika iziqhushumbisi zabo hydrogen yayenza phandle. USSR walahlekelwa ngamajoni 1.3 yezigidi kwindawo ethule nje. Le mfazwe yokugqibela, baba iingcali kunye nto ngakumbi abangakwaziyo, kodwa ukukhonza esaphuma, amajoni ezibe esitalatweni - ezisikiweyo. Iimpawu Khrushchev enikwe ngabo, kungaba isifundo uphando kweelwimi, kodwa ipapashe censors imbali kwakungayi kuvunyelwa. Ngokumalunga fleet, ngoko kukho nkqu incoko okhethekileyo. Zonke iinqanawa ezinkulu-amandla ukuqinisekisa uzinzo yoqhagamashelo yomkhosi wamanzi, ingakumbi Zempi, nje unqunyulwe ezilahliweyo. basala nolungafanelekanga, usoyiswa isiseko abaluleke e China kunye Finland, amajoni washiya Austria. Akuthandeki ukuba ndlongo yangaphandle wayeza kuzisa umonakalo kakhulu njengoko imisebenzi "Uyalwa" Khrushchev. Abachasi lo mbono ukuze bathi, ukuba bathi, ukoyika imijukujelwa zethu qhinga phesheya. Awu, baqala ukuphuhlisa phantsi Stalin.

Hi ndlela leyi, akazange nanceba ndingowokuqala umsindisi yakhe ukusuka 'clique anti-Party ". Zhukov ethathelwa kwizikhundla zolungiselelo, ethatyathwe Elawulayo leKomiti Central ize ithunyelwe Odessa - ukuba umthetho isithili.

"Ndanikela izandla zabo ..."

Ewe, nantso ibinzana umnqophiso Lenin ezopolitiko ezimbini esebenzayo ukuya wrestling kunye ihlelo kaStalin. Ngowe-1958, N. S. Hruschev waba usihlalo neBhunga laBaphathiswa, iqela elinye kuphela kulawula ukuba akwanelanga. iindlela zolawulo, ibekwe njenge "Leninist", okunene akazange avumele ithuba lokuvakalisa izimvo ezo zingenzekiyo ungqamane umgca jikelele. Umthombo umlomo wayo unobhala kuqala. Ngokuba yonke authoritarianism wakhe, I. V. Stalin wayedla wamphulaphula izichaso, ingakumbi xa ziphuma abantu abamaziyo ishishini labo. Nokuba kule minyaka ngokubulawa kwale "uzwilakhe" wayengenakuyijika loo isigqibo, ukuba wambonisa ukuba uyaxoka. Khrushchev usoloko ngowokuqala ukuvakalisa uluvo lwabo nayo yonke inkcaso waqonda njenge sisithuko lobuqu. Ukongeza, Izithethe intle Communist, wacinga ngokwakhe njengoko indoda ewazi yonke into - ukusuka ubuchwepheshe nezobugcisa. Wonke umntu uqhelene bekunjalo Arena, xa amagcisa avant-garde zaye amaxhoba zokuhlaselwa uwe waba nomsindo, "intloko iqela." Kwakukho nezilingo ababhali ngehlazo, abakroli bachitha zobhedu bengcikivile, leyo "phezu imijukujelwa akwanelanga." Hi ndlela leyi, ngazo. Malunga nendlela Khrushchev yaba oyingcali kwicandelo rocketry, uthetha lukhulu V. isindululo yakhe A. Sudtsu, umseki ADMS "Dvina" (S-75) lityhale zabo ezintsonkothileyo ... Kaloku, ngokubanzi, kude kude. Kwaba ngo-1963 e-Kubinka, kwisiza.

Khrushchev-laso

Malunga nendlela N. S. Hruschev Ndibethekise imbadada yakhe eqongeni, wonke umntu uyazi, nokuba namhlanje abafundi nantoni na, kodwa ndeva malunga naloo nto. Akukho kancane kwaye ibangele ubunzima abaguquleli ibinzana malunga gruel, apho inkokheli eSoviet wayesiya ukubonisa ihlabathi liphela wongxowankulu. Ezi izicaphulo ezimbini ezaziwa kakhulu, nangona kwakunjalo zabo ngqo kunye ezivulekileyo Nikita Sergeyevich kakhulu kunene. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo - hayi ngamazwi kodwa nangezenzo. Nazo zonke iingxelo groznosti, umgaqo yeNgxowa-USSR afunyanwa yi kancinane. Enesibindi imijukujelwa ukuthumela eCuba kutyhileke, kwaye ungquzulwano yaqala, phantse yaba unobangela wokufa lonke uluntu. Ungenelelo e Hungary kuye kwabangela Ndilicukuceze kwanaphakathi namahlakani USSR. Inkxaso zeenkqubo "phambili" e-Afrika, Latin America kunye Asia kunokuba iindleko amahlwempu mali eSoviet lubiza kakhulu kwaye akukho zijolise ukufezekisa naziphi na iinjongo luncedo lizwe, yaye ebangela umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu kumazwe entshonalanga. Umqalisi ezi amaqhinga ndandidla ngokuba Khrushchev ngokwakhe. Imigaqo-nkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka laseburhulumenteni esicinga kuphela iimfuno zexesha elifutshane. Yiloo nto kanye oko thaca eUkraine, eCrimea, nangona ngelo xesha akukho bani wayenako kwangaphambili ukuba esi sigqibo siza kubandakanya imiphumo ngamazwe.

indlela lolo

Ngoko ke yintoni Khrushchev? Itheyibhile kwimiqolo ezimbini kwicala lasekunene ekwabonisa bekuya kuba izinto luncedo, nangasekhohlo - eziyingozi, bekuya mayahlulwe phakathi iinkalo ezimbini bobuntu bakhe. Kwaye phezu ilitye, wadala ngalisayo ufunga yona Ernst ayaziwa, zidibene abamnyama nabamhlophe. Kodwa ke amazwi, kodwa eneneni offset Khrushchev kwabangelwa ngokuyintloko ukunganeliseki kunye nokuhlelwa ANC. Abantu okanye umkhosi, okanye isikhundla kunye ifayile amalungu CPSU akazange acele, yonke into kugqitywe emva imiboniso kunye, kakade, emfihlekweni.

The Head of State ulele cwaka Sochi, ngekratshi ngoyaba izilumkiso sebali ifunyenwe. Xa wabizelwa eMoscow, yena efumana wayenethemba ukulungisa le meko. Inkxaso, Noko ke, kwakungenjalo. IKomiti Security State, ephethwe yi A. uN Shelepinym, inxenye yelenqe, umkhosi lubonise epheleleyo cala (iinjengele abathetheli zohlaziyo okhangeleka engekho kulityalwa unciphiso). A count elide wayengekho mntwini. ukuba ehle Khrushchev kaThixo senzeka zokubhala ngokungakhathali kwaye ngaphandle iziganeko ezibuhlungu.

Z Ilich Brezhnev oneminyaka eli-58 ubudala, olilungu Elawulayo, bamrhola, lamisela "mdibi komkhulu." Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, yaba intshukumo ngqindilili: kwimeko sentsilelo nemiphumela kweli nxaxheba kwi yelenqe angaba sizezona ntsizana kubantu. Brezhnev and Khrushchev waba abahlobo, kodwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo, kweli iqela. Enye ezifudumeleyo yaba ulwalamano Nikita Sergeyevich Lavrenty Pavlovich. Kwaye Stalin amaxabiso ipenshini union banyangwa ngexesha elinye nentlonelo kakhulu. Ekwindla ka-1964 era Khrushchev beliba phezu.

asabela

Kwi-West, ekuqaleni ngononophelo kakhulu wamkela ukutshintsha ungumhlali oyintloko yesicelo kaThixo. Abezopolitiko, inkulumbuso nomongameli baye bacinga usongo "Malume Joe" xa fatigues amabutho kunye inqawe yakhe rhoqo. ukuba ehle Khrushchev wamluleka kuthetha kwakhona Stalinization zombini basekhaya nkqubo angaphandle USSR. Oku, ke, ayizange yenzeke. Z Ilyich yajika ukuba abe yinkokeli lula kakhulu, lweli kwavumela esinoxolo iinkqubo ezimbini, oko kukuthi, ethetha ngokubanzi, wabonwa nje pererozhdenchestvo obudala wamaKomanisi. Isimo ku Stalin ngexesha mandundu kakhulu neentlobano zokwazana Comrades Chinese. Kodwa, nkqu ukuba eyona sigxeke Khrushchev njenge abalinganiswa zabaphichothi akukho kuye kwakhokelela kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, ngoxa phantsi Brezhnev, yena wabonakala (on Damanskiy Peninsula). iziganeko Czechoslovak ziye zabonakalisa ukuqhubeka ethile ukuziphendulela inzuzo zobusoshiyali kwaye libenza ukunxibelelanisa Hungary ngo-1956, nangona twatse ngokupheleleyo. Eyaqala kamva, ngowe-1979, imfazwe e Afghanistan iye yaqinisekisa uloyiko babi malunga nemo yobukomanisi yehlabathi.

Izizathu yokurhoxa Khrushchev kwa- akukho umnqweno ukutshintsha kumda wesangqa yophuhliso, kodwa umnqweno le-Elite iqela bokufumana bandise bakukhethayo kwaye kwahlolwa.

Unobhala efanayo kakhulu ngehlazo wachitha ixesha eliseleyo lakhe ngeengcamango Ilusizi tape memoirs nadiktovyvaya, apho wazama ukuthethelela izenzo zabo, yaye maxa wambi ezisola ngazo. Ngokuba kuye, ukususwa e-ofisini yaphela ngokwentelekiso kakuhle.