Yintoni wamatye? Yintoni Umhlaba wamatye: yenziwe ngoobani kunye neempawu izichumisi

Nalo mba kufuneka ukuba nazo abantu abaninzi, kodwa asinguye wonk 'ubani uyayazi into wamatye. Iguqulwe ukusuka 'wamatye "Latin lithetha" umhlaba "," umhlaba "yaye ke into ephambili organic equlathe izondlo ukuba ibalulekile izityalo.

izinto Humic kwakhona ezivela iqela elikhethekileyo chemical iikhompawundi uphawu inshorensi umhlaba emhlabeni, oko kukuthi, ethile kuphela emhlabeni. Inene, wamatye, ngoku ecacileyo, kwaye khangela ntoni? Intsalela evela izityalo, izilwanyana kunye eziphilayo ngenxa leendibano kunye amacandelo ahlukeneyo kokusingqongileyo.

Le khemikhali Ukwakhiwa wamatye yi kunokuba nzima. Lubonakala yi umbala emnyama, apho angekhoyo izityalo. Ukubunjwa iquka ebaluleke kakhulu acid wamatye humic equlathe eninzi carbon (60%), oxygen (35%), i-nitrogen (avareji 5%), phosphorus, isalfure, intsimbi, njalo-njalo. Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, kulandela impendulo omnye umbuzo wamatye. Wamatye - igama kudibanisa imichiza enkulu entsonkothileyo equlathe kumafa sayo isahlulo engumgquba (humic kunye acids fulvic), iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo (imichiza ukuba ngemvelaphi ezingaphiliyo, okanye ngamanye amazwi, izimbiwa, aphakathi humates kunye fulvates). Kodwa oku ngoku ukuthetha ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Njengokuba kubhaliwe abunjwe wamatye?

Ngenxa ingqiqo wamatye uye wadibana umbuzo evulekileyo zilandelayo uhlala oko kukuthi umhlaba wamatye, kwaye iveliswa njani na? Wamatye lomhlaba - akukho nto kodwa imveliso kwenkunkuma eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, ingakumbi yimisundululu. Inkqubo ukubunjwa wamatye ixesha elide.

Uhlaza, iimveliso yokucolwa yemizimba yezilwanyana - konke oku kukutya izinto eziphila emhlabeni. Inxalenye yawo amatshe iSADC, yaye omnye - kwemichiza enzymatic ukuthotywa kunye namachibi (humification), apho Yindibanisela oganikhi khompawundi, nomgquba kwakheka. Wamatye kuyanda kuyo, kwakunye humic acid, ezo zagcina, kwebanga oxidized ukuba icarbon dioxide namanzi. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba le ndlela inguqu wamatye - ehlukene okanye humification - zixhomekeke ngqo kumhlaba kunye neemeko zemozulu. Xa imozulu noko eshushu yaye kufumile, inkqubo igcwala kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye phantse yonke inkunkuma izityalo nzima loo nto inokuqokelelana nehumasi emhlabeni. Xa imozulu ebandayo inguqu inkunkuma bit ilibele, kunye nenani labo elincinane, nto leyo isiqulatho encinane wamatye lomhlaba. Ezibanzi humification na imozulu ngomlinganiselo ngaphandle zokuxinana kwamanzi.

Ngoko ke, ukusuka ngasentla sinokwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo:

1. ukufumana isivuno esihle, isityalo kufuneka nje carbon dioxide;
2. carbon dioxide emhlabeni, adla akhiwa ngenxa yokubola iintsalela zezilwanyana nezityalo ngeentsholongwane Ngokusebenza kunye amacandelo ahlukeneyo kokusingqongileyo (Cya, izinambuzane, iintsholongwane, nomngundo, njl);
3. ntsha kwakhona iintsalela kweziphilayo izityalo, izilwanyana kunye amagciwane ifomu nomgquba nomgquba, nto leyo njengesakhi esibalulekileyo senkqubo yonikezelo ukuchuma komhlaba.

imisebenzi wamatye

1. umsebenzi Physical. Oku kudala a ubume bomhlaba nkqi, ngaloo ndlela kubonelelwa Kusasazwa kakuhle lobushushu lomoya yamanzi efunekayo kwangaphambili kukukhula elungileyo iingcambu emhlabeni. Wamatye nayo inegalelo ngokunika kuyondelelwano emihlabeni ukukhanya nomhlaba nokuthambisa tight.
2. umsebenzi Chemical. Yena omkhulu kwezondlo. Ngenxa ezahlukeneyo kwaziwe wamatye abole kwexesha (inkqubo amatshe), kukhokelele kukhupho kwelombanjwa nitrogen kuso, phosphorus, potassium kunye nezinye izinto.
3. Umsebenzi begazi. Wamatye kudala iimeko ithembisa ukuba uphuhliso iphuhlise umsebenzi iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo.

iintlobo wamatye

• Mor (wamatye podzolic womhlaba). Wamatye olu hlobo ziingqikelelo, equlethe isixa esikhulu detritus, ekusekeni umsebenzi zebhayoloji ephantsi kwi imeko asidi-bume awasabela ngayo.
• Moder (wamatye bazipheka-podzolic nomhlaba), apho siya kwenziwa embindini komsebenzi eziphilayo phantsi indlela medium acid kunye nonxibelelwano ezibuthathaka umhlaba bezimbiwa.
• Mullen (wamatye chernozem) kusekwe kwi umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu zebhayoloji phantsi cala reaction medium, ngenkuthalo esinxibelelana imihlaba kwizimbiwa.
• Anmoor (wamatye bazipheka-gley nomhlaba), nto leyo ayasekwa kwimihlaba kwemigxobhozo yethutyana.
• Aligotrofny nja-, nto leyo 'abangamahlwempu wamatye "amadobo.
• Uhlobo lokugqibela - umgquba eutrofny, lona "esisityebi wamatye" nomgxobhozo.

Meaning of nezichumisi lokuchuma komhlaba

Wamatye libandakanyeka kwinkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba. Yena idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ngqo kwi lokusekwa profile zomhlaba. Wamatye negalelo lib amasuntswana lomhlaba lokubolekwa (amanqathana), kuko okwadala ukuba kuyilwe umbutho agronomic exabisekileyo bokukhetha ubomi bezityalo iimpawu emzimbeni zomhlaba. Iqulethe izondlo eziyimfuneko ukuze izityalo kunye nezinto umkhondo awohlukeneyo abe ifumaneke kwisityalo emva kwenkqubo ehlukene.

izinto Humic zikukutya ezincane zomhlaba. Ngomhla umxholo wamatye emhlabeni ixhomekeke kubungakanani kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo iikhemikhali yaye eziphilayo ezibangela ukwenyuka kwezinto eziyimfuneko ukuze izityalo. Wamatye nayo inegalelo ngokunika umhlaba umbala emnyama, ngoko ilizwe elingcono ngokubamba amandla elanga.

Yenziwe ngoobani kunye neempawu wamatye

Esi sichumisi entsonkothileyo eguquguqukayo khompawundi ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo apho akhiwa ngexesha yokubola organic iintsalela ezahlukeneyo.

Xa Ukubunjwa nehumasi komhlaba kusenokwenzeka ukuba anikezele inxalenye ethile (malunga ne-90%) eyenziwa kwezinto humic kunye inxalenye non-ezithile (abanye) equka izinto zemvelo negumifitsirovannyh. Soil izinto humic, ke, phambi:

• asidi humic - high ezinto ubunzima nitrogen-aqulethe khompawundi organic ukuba isakhiwo elibujikele, hayi enyibilikayo emanzini kunye acids, kodwa ezinyibilikayo kwi alkalis babuthathaka, le humic acid ziquka hydrocarbon (malunga nama-50%), hydrogen (5%), oxygen (40%), nitrogen (5%);
• humates, akhiwa impefumlelwano asidi humic kunye nemihlaba izimbiwa; humates awana ezinyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini, ngaloo ndlela ukwakha izisombululo colloidal; humates njengoko calcium nezinki azikho ezinyibilikayo ifomu amanzi isakhiwo yamanzi-resistant in;
• asidi fulvic - ubunzima nitrogen-equlethe ophezulu ezinto asidi eziphilayo unyityilikiswa emanzini, asidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezisombululo obrak, ukongeza, ukuba ezinyibilikayo kwezinye izinyibilikisi eziphilayo; asidi fulvic zikwixesha carbon, hydrogen, ioksijini kunye nitrogen, naye ukuba sikhankanye ukuba ezi asidi negalelo intshabalalo esebenzayo lomhlaba bezimbiwa.

Intsingiselo wamatye ukuba izityalo

Zonke kokufaneleka kwezinto humic nangoku akwaziwa, ngoko kuphela ezona ziphambili, ngokuqinileyo kwi theory and ukwenza oku kulandelayo.

Ngenxa yoko, wamatye - njengesichumisi okhuthaza:

1. ukukhuthaza nokuphefumla kwezityalo naxa ukunqongophala nokoyika ioksijini;
2. ukuphucula umgangatho iimveliso zezolimo;
3. ukuphucula photosynthesis, ukukhuthaza umsebenzi enzayim ezinxulumene ngqo basabela photosynthesis;
4. nokukhawulezisa izithuthi kunye ejikelezayo Kwezixa nangoko ngaphakathi kwisityalo;
5. ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezityalo;
6. Invoke ukhula kunye nophuhliso kwezintso;
7. ukomelela yeziphumo ezibi zangaphandle;
8. ukubunjwa iikhompawundi ezizinzileyo kunye nesinyithi, ukufunxeka phosphate, Nitrate kunye nabanye abaninzi;
9. ukwanda asidi phezu imiphezulu iingcambu;
10. ukwandisa ukumelana plant izenzo zinambuzane kwemichiza, ukunciphisa ukuqokelelela kwabo imveliso yokugqibela.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto humic amayeza

Ngokutsho iziphumo zeemvavanyo ezahlukeneyo lwenziwa Pharmacology ukuchonga oko wamatye, iziyobisi, ezisekelwe iquka izinto humic ingasetyenziswa ngamaxesha ethu amayeza yabantu lwezilwanyana njenge machiza non-ngqo ukuba kuphuculwe ukuxhathisa komzimba ukuba iziphumo ezinobungozi ezahlukeneyo.

amachiza ezonyango ngokusekelwe izinto humic data namhlanje sele zikhona ezivenkileni. ngenkuthalo asetyenziswe ngayo kunyango iintlobo sciatica ezahlukeneyo izifo ngeendlebe kunye impumlo, pharyngitis, nokuthimliswa, samathambo, samathambo, arthrosis kunye nezinye izifo ezininzi. Le uncedo lwala machiza kukuba non-ityhefu.

Iimfihlelo kwezinto humic

Oko bafika kwisigqibo ubhalo ibali Umhlaba wamatye kwi nokubunjwa kwayo, iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi. Inye kuphela ukuba ndifuna ukongeza, oko amazwi ambalwa malunga iimfihlelo kwezinto humic. Kwaziwa kakuhle, abaqinisekanga eziziimpawu ikhemikali ubume rhoqo, abanalo ubunzima ethile ezinto eziphilayo kunye umbala rhoqo enye. izinto Humic nangoku zifundwa ekhemisi, izazinzulu zomhlaba, hydrobiologists, oogqirha, oosokhemisti, ukuze achaze zonke iimfihlelo agcinwe kuzo, nto leyo kuqikelelwa uya ukuchaza okuninzi.