Imisebenzi zezifundo kunye yokwazisa. nezimaphambili ezingundoqo computer science. yokwazisa Iinjongo

Eli nqaku enikelwe ingqalelo imiba efana zezifundo yokwazisa imisebenzi. Phambi kokugqithela coverage labo, ukuchaza eli gama, ixabiso ekufuneka kuphawulwa ngokucacileyo.

Igama elithi "inzululwazi" yokuqala ukuvela eFransi kwi 60s zenkulungwane lokugqibela ukubhekisela kummandla, nto leyo inxaxheba kule nkqubo automated lolwazi, kwaye asebenzise olu iikhompyutha elektroniki. Eli gama yayibunjwe ngokudibana abanye ababini - "ezizenzekelayo" yaye "ulwazi". Oku kuthetha processing automated kolwazi okanye matshini ulwazi. Eli gama elivumelana elithi "intambo yekhompyutha" kumazwe IsiNgesi abathetha, oko inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe computer.

Umfundi Kucetyiswa ukuba ezandulela ingqalelo imiba efana isifundo kunye neenjongo nenzululwazi, ukufunda ngembali ukwenzeka kwayo.

Imbali ukuvela yokwazisa

Singafumana imvelaphi inkcazelo ngxi neenkungu kwexesha. Imfuneko ukuvakalisa khumbula oko kwakhokelela kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo ukuya ukuvela kwentetho, akhawunti, ukubhala. Oobawo wazama ukuba zizakhele yaye kuphucula ngakumbi iindlela yokugcina ulwazi, Ukuqhutywa kunye nokusasazwa. ubungqina ezahlukeneyo seenzame ukusindisa abantu kude ezidlulileyo kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba unanamhla. Le ndlela ezifana amacwecwe odongwe ukurekhoda kunye ezinde amaxolo, ubugcisa iliwa, kwaye ke ngqangi.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 kwakukho umatshini wokushicilela. wokusungula negalelo ekwandeni kakhulu ukukwazi ukugcina ukuprosesa ulwazi oluyimfuneko. Ulwazi alufumene kwifomu eziprintiweyo, waye indlela engundoqo ukwabelana kunye nokugcinwa, kwaye ukusa kwinkulungwane yama-20, ukuqhubeka nokuhlala kwabo. Kuphela ukuvela kwi computer ngokwesiseko entsha, iindlela kakhulu ngempumelelo ngakumbi yayo ukugcinwa, ukuqokelelwa, ukutshintshwa, ukusetyenzwa, ziye saqulunqwa kwaye umbandela imisebenzi computer.

Le nkcazelo jikelele ye computer

Unako ukumnika a lot of iinkcazelo. Oku kungenxa yokusebenza zayo iindlela, iifomu, iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi. Le nkcazo ilandelayo "inzululwazi" kombono yenye ixhaphakileyo.

Computing ngummandla imisebenzi oluntu anxulunyaniswa ulwazi yokuguqula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, yaphunyezwa ngohlobo iikhompyutha, kwakunye intsebenziswano yabo kunye nokusingqongileyo isicelo ahambelanayo.

Cybernetics kanye yokwazisa

Amaxesha amaninzi kukho ukudideka kweekhonsepthi ezimbini: "cybernetics" yaye "yokwazisa". Makhe ukuchaza into ezifana zabo nokuba zahluke enye kwenye.

Cybernetics - inzululwazi eminye imigaqo jikelele yolawulo, senze iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo: zentlalo, bemvelo, zobugcisa, njl Subject kunye yokwazisa imisebenzi Kuthi ezahlukeneyo .. Ixilonga inkqubo ebanzi kwendalo kunye nokuguqulwa lolwazi, phantse ngaphandle kokuchaphazela isisombululo yeengxaki ezinxulumene nolawulo abo okanye ezinye izinto, njengoko wenza cybernetics. bembonakalo yayo kuye kwenzeka ngenxa kuphuhliso ubuchwepheshe be-computer, olusekelwe phezu kwayo, makube lee ngaphandle kwayo. uphuhliso Cybernetics kwenzeka iyodwa yaye, nangona isebenzisa ngokubonakalayo impumelelo zobugcisa computer, akukho ixhomekeke phezu kwabo, njengoko ukwakha imodeli yolawulo izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo.

intambo yekhompyutha yonxibelelwano in obanzi emxinwa lo gama

Ngokwengqiqo ebanzi ye isayensi izwi - Ubunye ezahlukeneyo amasebe yenzululwazi, uveliso kunye nobuchwepheshe, nto leyo zinxulunyaniswa processing ulwazi. Yaye oko ngengqiqo emxinwa? Kuyenzeka ukuba ukwaba izahlulo yokwazisa ezintathu ezihambelanayo.

1. Computing njengecandelo kuqoqosho

Eyokuqala kuzo - eli candelo loqoqosho. Ngale ndlela, ikhompyutha siqulathe ezininzi iifem yohlobo olunye ezifundisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zamashishini avelisa software, kwimpahla yentsimbi ye computer kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa ulwazi processing. Ixabiso, Okukodwa, iinjongo kunye nemisebenzi ye-Informatics kule ingqiqo buchazwa yi yokuba kuxhomekeke kuyo yokukhula ubukhulu kwemveliso enkulu kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Iintlobo ngeentlobo zemisebenzi ehlabathini lonke namhlanje, ifakwe matshini.

2. yokwazisa inzululwazi esisiseko

Njengoko science computer iphuhlisa indlela esisiseko inkcazelo izinto ukunika neenkqubo zolawulo ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo inkcazelo yekhompyutha. Ungakhetha ekhoyo eYurophu alandelayo kwiindawo zophando ezinkulu: yokwazisa zonyango kunye nezoqoqosho, ikhompyutha zidityaniswe yokuvelisa, uphuhliso lwesakhiwo womnatha, yokwazisa bume esingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko loluntu, iinkqubo ulwazi nobungcali.

Sichaza iinjongo eziphambili kunye neenjongo nenzululwazi yekhompyutha esisiseko. injongo yaso kukunika ulwazi jikelele kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zengcaciso, kwakunye nokukhetha umsebenzi wabo kunye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho jikelele. umsebenzi wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- sihlolisise iingcamango ezahlukeneyo iinkqubo zolwazi nobuchwepheshe;

- ukuphuhlisa indlela ye indlela yokwenza inkxaso ulwazi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo computer.

3. aspect Applied

Echaza isifundo inzululwazi yekhompyutha njengento Ezobunzululwazi, siphawula ukuba ukwenza:

- uphuhliso ezahlukeneyo iimodeli iinkcukacha zonxibelelwano, ukusebenza kwiindawo ezininzi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu;

- isifundo kwemithetho ezikhoyo iinkqubo zolwazi (ukwabiwa, processing, ukugcinwa);

- uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe kunye neenkqubo zolwazi kwiindawo ezithile, ngokunjalo nezindululo ngokwenza enxulumene umjikelo wobomi ngenxa kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo (uyilo, imveliso, umsebenzi, njalo njalo).

Eyona eziphambili Iinjongo yokwazisa

Lo msebenzi usisiseko ngayo ukuphuhlisa izixhobo kunye neendlela ukuguqulwa data, ngokunjalo ukusebenzisa kubo mbutho kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo processing yayo.

Ezi njongo ziphambili zilandelayo lenzululwazi computer:

- isifundo iinkqubo zolwazi, ukuba naluphi na uhlobo;

- ukujongana engineering kunye neengxaki zenzululwazi ukuphunyezwa, indalo, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ngempumelelo kobugcisa computer kunye nezixhobo kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi yoluntu;

- uphuhliso lolwazi technology, kwakunye indalo ngenxa yeziphumo zophando neenkqubo zolwazi ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa bolwazi processing mihla.

Computing njengendlela yokuziqeqesha esimbaxa

Kufuneka ke ukuba akakho ngokwalo. Computing - yinto uqeqesho olubanzi (Science and Technology), ejoliswe zokudalwa kobugcisa ezintsha ulwazi nobuchule. Bona zisetyenziselwa zokusombulula iingxaki kwezinye iindawo. Xa uluntu ulwazi imbaxa ushishino umkhokele. Kwihlabathi kukho isiqhelo ekwandiseni ulwazi. Oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu inkqubela yalo mhlaba oluthile lolwazi, umanyano kwayo inzululwazi, kushishino kunye nobugcisa.

izicelo yokwazisa

technology Ulwazi ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi bethu; ngesayensi, ushishino, imfundo kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi. Imfuno eksperimenti imali eninzi kwaye inzima ugcina ophakamayo ngokunxulumene nophuhliso bezenzululwazi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphuhliswa zamandla nokumanyana. Indima ye-Informatics kukuba endaweni imifuniselo umatshini lokwenene. Oku kugcina izinto ezininzi, ubonelela ukukwazi ukujongana ubuchule mihla le iziphumo. Ukongeza, imifuniselo ezifanayo kuthatha ixesha ngaphantsi kakhulu yokwenene. Yaye kwezinye iindawo ulwazi lwenzululwazi (umzekelo, xa isayensi) kuba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuba baqhube eksperimenti ngokwenene. Emva koko kuza kubanceda science computer. Becala ezi nkalo zonke uphando wenziwe ngoncedo yokubumba kunye computing experiments.

Uphuhliso ngakumbi kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha, kwakunye nayiphi na inzululwazi ikhokelela izinto ezintsha kunye impumelelo. Kukho izicelo ezintsha ngaphambili kwakunzima ukuba ukucinga.

Yokwazisa zonxibelelwano kunye namanye amasebe yolwazi

intambo yekhompyutha yonxibelelwano - indawo ebanzi ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ezivele ekudibaneni of Applied Sciences nakwimigangatho ebalulekileyo. Njengoko uqeqesho kwesayensi kunxulumene angawamasebe zilandelayo ulwazi:

- ngezengqondo bulumko (ngokusebenzisa imfundiso ulwazi nengcaciso malunga imfundiso);

- kwimathematika (ngokusebenzisa imathematika obubobu, ithiyori yokubumba kwemathematika kanye ubuchule, logic zezibalo);

- kubhaliwe ezinxulumene Ezolimi ngenxa yokufundisa kweenkqubo uphawu kunye iilwimi ezisesikweni;

- cybernetics, njengoko sele sibonile - yi kwithiyori ulawulo kunye nolwazi;

- a engineering radio, elektroniki, chemistry yemvelo - wonke umbandela kweenkqubo zolwazi kunye nekhompyutha.

Entsimini yokwazisa inzululwazi kuwa inzululwazi azo ukuba ufunda iindlela kunye nemigaqo lombutho iinkqubo becomputing ezahlukeneyo, uthungelwano indawo ikhompyutha ehlabathini nasekuhlaleni. Kwelinye icala, oko liquka lwezenzululwazi oluthe, ezo esilungiselelwe isifundo iinzame yokucinga yabantu ukuphucula iimpawu kushicilelo kweekhompyutha.

Computing njengecandelo kuqoqosho

Njengokuba isebe uqoqosho yokwazisa yingqokelela lwamaqumrhu zoshishino, ezo zilungiselelwe abasebenzisi nkonzo (ulwazi), izibonelelo zokwenza imveliso, kwakunye nokuphuhliswa software. Kukho umkhwa utshintsho ukusuka woluntu mveliso, apho yonke into ejoliswe imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla, ukuya ulwazi.

Namhlanje, iintlobo ngeentlobo njengendlela kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kuqoqosho. Asetyenziswe ngayo practice:

- zorhwebo, zoshishino kunye nolawulo zebhanki;

- imisebenzi yophicotho kunye accounting;

- inkqubo mali kwi amaziko kamasipala kunye karhulumente;

- e-amashishini kunye e-commerce;

- ulawulo Treasury, kwifkunyeesi nokutshintshiselana zorhwebo.

yokwazisa Economic - inzululwazi, ekuthi kujongwe ukuba ibe kwithiyori ebonisa umsebenzi kumaqumrhu ohlukeneyo kwezoqoqosho, kamasipala, karhulumente kunye namaziko engingqi. Iinjongo zayo emiselwe iinjongo zoqoqosho. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ukubonelela amaziko oshishino, iinkonzo zikamasipala kunye noluntu, kunye nemibutho information technology. Yintoni na umbandela yokwazisa yezoqoqosho? Yena ukufumana regularities ezikhoyo zomzekelo data, ngokunjalo iindlela ulwazi malunga nomsebenzi kwezoqoqosho imibutho (amashishini) ezoQoqosho kunye nezinye iqumrhu, ukuphunyezwa ulawulo zobuxhakaxhaka bolwazi.

ubuchule kunye nofundo lokuba iinkqubo kwezoqoqosho ngendlela aphila

Kukho iindlela ezininzi yokubumba kunye nofundo lokuba iinkqubo kwezoqoqosho. Zombini isayensi ethile ngokubanzi. Imisebenzi Scientific: yokuqaphela, uhlalutyo, induction, imali ebanjwayo, ukutsalwa, Isifaniso, omiselweyo. Bonke aveza iindlela ezikhoyo iziganeko esitalini okanye iinkqubo. iindlela ezithile swi ingcaciso ebonisa iziganeko iinkqubo zoqoqosho ezifana:

- izibalo: deterministic, stochastic, yokulinganisa, ifoun, kunye ngumzekelo womnatha, izibalo akuboni, bezibalo, ecwangcisiweyo, impembelelo, parameter nganye kunye nezinye ihlaziya;

- ulwazi-ubhalo iitshati kunye nemizobo, iigrafu, iindlela ezibonwayo kunye umgangatho emele ukusasazwa kolwazi kunye neenkqubo zoshishino.

Yintoni ikhompyutha?

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo ye computer ziquka iikhompyutha ezahlukeneyo, ekubeni ezi iindlela zobugcisa ezinkulu ekhonza yokuphatha yayo. Bangakwazi zihlelwe ngokungqinelana ezahlukahlukeneyo neempawu: yi ukuqeshwa, umgaqo amanyathelo, ubungakanani, amandla inkqubo, umbutho we-azo inkqubo, ukusebenza, kunye nabanye.

Classification computer injongo

Uyakwazi ukwahlula ikhompyutha ezinye iinjongo abakula maqela-3 elandelayo.

1. Jikelele-injongo (jikelele). Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki zobuchwepheshe ezahlukeneyo: zemathematika, ezoqoqosho, ulwazi kunye namanye, apho azakubalulwa umthamo omkhulu data ukuba lumakishwe, kwakunye ukuntsonkotha ubuchule. iimpawu uphawu kwezi iikhompyutha na ukusebenza zabo eziphakamileyo, kwakunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze data ukuba lumakishwe (character, lokugqibela, okubini), iintlobo lwemisebenzi computer (ezizodwa, ingqiqo, arithmetic), kukho umthamo memory elikhulu, ulwazi inkqubo nayo yaphuhliswa igalelo-output .

2. Iqela yesibini - le ngxaki ebomini. injongo yabo ukusombulula uluhlu emxinwa ngakumbi iingxaki idla ngokwenzeka zobugcisa izinto, ulwandiso, ubhaliso kunye nokuqhubela phambili izixa e data amancinci.

3. Izisombululo ezizodwa asetyenziswa uluhlu elimxinwa kakhulu izicelo. Oku kunciphisa iindleko nokuntsonkotha ikhompyutha enjalo, lo gama kugcinwe ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza okungcono.

information technology

Ichaza nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha, kuyimfuneko kukuthi amagama ambalwa malunga information technology. Kuyinto indibanisela software ezithile hardware asetyenziswa ukwenza ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi enxulumene processing of ulwazi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu. technology Ulwazi maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba Applied Informatics kunye nobuchwepheshe computer. Lo mbono kwakuvela ukuyilwa woluntu ulwazi apho isiseko ezithile malunga zentlalo na ulwazi, kunokuba izixhobo eziphathekayo yemveli. It is a inzululwazi, ulwazi, ubuchule ngokwasengqondweni, imiba zombutho, ubuchule, phulo, kunye nabanye. Lo mbono, ngelishwa, equkayo yaye ngokubanzi ukuba ochwepheshe ndaba andikezi ethile ocacileyo kuyo. Ngokwenkcazelo iyimpumelelo lanikwa yi Academician Glushkov, ukutolika information technology kunikezelo ngabantu-umatshini ubugcisa, inkqubo, ukuqokelelwa kolwazi, esekelwe ekusebenziseni izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zekhompyutha. kuye kwathi ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibandakanya imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni: ulawulo, imveliso, imfundo, inzululwazi, amayeza, ezemali kunye neebhanki, ubomi kunye nabanye.

School of yokwazisa Course

Umsebenzi ophambili we isifundo yesikolo "Ulwazi" kukubonelela yokuguqula ulwazi abafundi ixesha elide yaye abazi wabagagamela ngokuphathelele iinkqubo ukufumana, ukusetyenziswa, ulwazi zokugcina. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, utitshala wezenzululwazi kufuneka aveze indima yayo ekubunjweni umfanekiso zenzululwazi zehlabathi eliye lakhula kule mihla, ukubaluleka kweteknoloji computer kunye nobuchwepheshe ulwazi ekuphuhliseni uluntu namhlanje. I-mgeni ngowokokuba kugaywe abasebenzi ngendlela ukubonelela abafundi ngezakhono ze eyiyo yokusetyenziswa Nakukubona iikhompyutha kwimfundo kunye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo yobuchule.

Le miba ilandelayo kufuneka bonisa utitshala abafundi isayensi:

- ulwazi, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ulwazi, kwakunye iilwimi kokungeniswa kwazo;

- ulwazi umzekelo;

- kweenkqubo algorithmization;

- computer njengendlela processing ulwazi;

- ezikhoyo namhlanje ubuchwepheshe sayo esitsha ulwazi processing.

Le migca abe cross-ukusika uhlobo, ukutsho oko, ukufunda kwenzeka kwabo onke amanqanaba (ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwibanga 11). Wahlulwe kumanqanaba amathathu intambo yekhompyutha esikolweni. La manqanaba ithathele ingqalelo ubudala babafundi, kwakunye ngamalungiselelo abo.

inqanaba lokuqala - lokuqala (ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwiklasi 6), okwesibini - isiseko (7 ukuya kwiBakala 9), eyesithathu - iprofayile (iiklasi-10 no-11). Le program for kumabakala 2 ukuya 9 - ke ubuncinane enyanzelekileyo. Kwisikolo aphezulu, uqhutywe kwi-nzulu uqeqesho kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha kwiinkangeleko ezahlukeneyo. Ibonelela uqeqesho umsebenzi umsebenzi. Ukuxoxwa ingenkcukacha ezininzi imisonto sele zigqityiwe ukufunda kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo lweenkqubo.

Yokwazisa: ukuhlolwa

Kule EGE sifundo - enye iimviwo elide, nto leyo yoviwo ithatha malunga neeyure ezi-4. Ngo-2014, odlula amanqaku ubuncinane yaba 40. Uqeqesho kufuneka uqale elide phambi kokuba ifike imini lovavanyo, kwaye iziphumo ezihle kulo mzekelo ziya kunikwa.

Iithagethi yokwazisa zahlulwe phakathi zaziibloko kuxhomekeke kubunzima babo. A1-a13 - imibuzo kwinqanaba ezisisiseko kunye ukhetho neempendulo ezininzi. Kuba ukhetho ngalunye echanekileyo ku1 Kucingelwa. Intsebenziswano neengxoxo B1-B15 computer - oku kubunzima ukwanda le ngxaki. Inani okanye amanani yokugqibela ke iimpendulo kubo. Le misebenzi inzima kwinzululwazi yekhompyutha - C1-C4. Kuyimfuneko ukunika impendulo ngokupheleleyo kubo.

Xa ngobuwena nganye yeenjongo eemviwo kweyobunzululwazi eekhompyutha ezinxulumene ngendlela enye okanye enye kunye nekhompyutha. Nangona kunjalo, xa usombulula imisebenzi yodidi C akuvumelekanga ukuba ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokubala kanye PC.