Yintoni Numismatics: definition. numismatics isayensi

Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba numismatics. Inkcazo kule kota, kwakunye iinkalo zophuhliso imbali nesayensi izibakala kakhulu umdla ezinxulumene ubuntu ezininzi adumileyo eminyaka edlulileyo.

Numismatics unomdla eninzi yabantu - ngayo zemali ezi ixabiso zenkcubeko nezembali, apho ukuba bakulungele ukuya ekupheleni kwehlabathi. Abaqokeleli yonke imikhosi izama ukufumana enye imali enqabileyo nizalise ingqokelela yakho. Khumbula ukuba xa ufuna indlalo enkulu, njengoko numismatics, imali ezinkozo kumaxabiso kunokuba Akumangalisi kakhulu. Ukuze ube ukuqokelelwa yabo luyabiza, lufuna kuphela mali zabasebenzi kunye nomonde, kodwa kwakhona isixa esikhulu imali (ukuba kukho iimeko ngokwenene ezinqabileyo).

meaning

Yintoni Numismatics? Iguqulwe kwi yesiGrike "nomos" uthetha umthetho okanye ithenda elisemthethweni, yaye "NOMIZMA" sele lithetha "ngqekembe". Ngokwayo numismatics - inzululwazi iinkozo, ngoku ke uqeqesho zembali abangabancedani ukuba ufunda ngembali lwemali kunye ayenza.

Umahluko phakathi umqokeleli kunye numismatist

Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, ezifana "yokuqokelela Minti" kunye "numismatics njenge inzululwazi." Kwaba nje umqokeleli iya kuba kakhulu nomdla ayikho ixabiso yembali ingqekembe, kunye nokunqaba wayo, kwakunye iinkalo ezahlukeneyo yokuluka. Kodwa ukuba sithethe malunga numismatics nje inzululwazi, ezo ngqekembe zezona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kuphononongo inani leenkqubo zembali ukubunjwa nokuwa kumazwe lonke zabo ebalulekileyo uzilawula kwezoqoqosho kunye iinkalo ezithile zobomi yoluntu.

Umzekelo, ivela kwezi izazinzulu zixhomekeke zonke iingcamango awazalelwa kuyo imali. Behlola iinkozo zemali kuphela kodwa iitsheki, amatikiti, unyuselo, amakhadi ezahlukeneyo zeentengo zemboleko kunye nangaphezulu. Ngoko, kwakukho ngo-1960 kukho ibinzana elithi "exonumia" ngokubanzi, elibhekisela ukuqokelela exotic izixhobo intlawulo Minti ezahlukeneyo musa kuwa phantsi kudidi ngokusesikweni owamkelwe nguRhulumente. Oku kukwasebenza iingqekembe nezikhumbuzo, zonke iintlobo njengezikhumbuzo ngohlobo engamaphepha okanye iinkozo ezimana zikhutshwa kumsitho umbhiyozo.

Ukubaluleka ukubonakala numismatics

It oosznavaya ukubaluleka yimbonakalo into enjalo, uya kuba nako ukuqonda oko numismatics. Ukuzimisela ibonisa ukuba izifundo zenzululwazi oku kuphela iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemali, kodwa imali iphepha, iimbasa, iibheji.

Numismatics inzululwazi inika inkcazelo malunga nobudlelwane ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho bezizwe amaxesha ahlukeneyo, zaphawula. Sebenzisa iinkozo ungafunda okuninzi malunga ngembali kwezopolitiko okanye esimi. Izazinzulu ukufunda ezinjalo intlawulo, uzalise izikhewu kuloo ndawo yamasiko nezithethe neentlanga kunye neempucuko kunye nembali yazo yophuhliso. Yiloo nto numismatics ngokusondeleyo kunxibelelene symbology, epigraphs, iconology, kwakunye imbali art.

Ibali numismatics nje isayensi

Ezifana inkanuko, njengoko numismatics, wabonakala eRoma yamandulo, kamva ke esisigxina ngexesha Renaissance e Italy, apho isasazeke kakhulu kunye amazwe aseYurophu. Kwaba ngelo xesha amadoda alumkileyo ihlabathi aqalile ukubhala azibhala wafunda kule meko, nto leyo kuchazwe ngokweenkcukacha undoqo iindidi zemifanekiso kunye nemibhalo phezu zemali.

Eckel - nale ifani Isazinzulu anegunya Austria enxulumene amaphepha enzululwazi kwicandelo numismatics, enyanisweni, nguye owaseka uphando lokuqala inkqubo kulo mbandela. Kwinkulungwane XVIII e Vienna yanyatheliswa imiqulu ezisibhozo ethi 'The Science of zemali yamandulo "I. I. Ekkelya - ke elo xesha, ekufundweni ngqekembe ibe khona.

Amanqanaba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni kwesayensi zemali

Ngoko ke, imbali numismatics. Kukho izigaba ezibini eziphambili izinto zazivelela yayo, ndati koko, wabonakala phambi kwethu kwifomu apho siyazi kakuhle.

Yintoni Numismatics? Le inzululwazi lifikile inkqubo elide ukwakheka, enyanisweni ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ngemali. Isigaba sokuqala iquka xesha apho yayithandwa ngokwaneleyo ukuba yanane urhwebo njengoko kuphela kwendlela yokufumana nasiphi na isibonelelo bengazi into imali.

Isigaba sesibini yaqala nesibakala sokuba igolide wenze yorhwebo-elinganayo kuphela apho yotshintshiselwano kuba nantoni na.

Kamva kwakukho ezinkozo kuqala zegolide nezesilivere. mass State wavelisa zemali zibe ubunzima efana kunye nemilo, kwaye icwangcisa ixabiso kumahlelo ahlukeneyo.

Yiyo nale nqanaba laqalisa ukuzalwa numismatics, abaqokeleli kuqala. iimveliso ngempahla kunye nokusetyenziswa zorhwebo yemihla ngemihla - eyona nto yayithandwa kumaxesha amandulo.

Intsalela iimveliso siqu yenza isoloko zaba into luncedo ngakumbi indlu. Kule khosi baya yonke - oonokrwece, iimfele, amalaphu aqhelekileyo kunye nangaphezulu.

Imvelaphi zemali

uhlobo olulodwa kuvela indlela zemali zokuqala nendlela akhangele, akukho. Abaphengululi abaninzi bathi kukumkani Argos e Aegina kubalwa imali yokuqala. Inxalenye encinane izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba oku awayebandakanya baseLidiya ngo-VI BC leminyaka. Kwakhona, kukho imbono yokuba abemi lweMeditera Ionia babesebenza yokuqala BC ngenkulungwane VII. Le mibhalo nemifanekiso kwiingqekembe ibonisa abalawuli omkhulu, okanye iinjengele, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali kunye nezopolitiko. Oku kusebenza inyathelo emkhosini, ingxabano lwangaphakathi igunya likarhulumente, Ushintsho ezahlukeneyo zonqulo, yaye ngaphezulu.

Metal zemali yamandulo

Abaphengululi abaninzi banikela iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kumbuzo oko numismatics. Abanye ubungqina bokuba abantu abanomdla iingqekembe, kungekhona nje yande nabo iingqokelela zabo, Tesha ingamampunge, oko kukuthi, abaphandi baqokele into.

iingqekembe e Asia Minor kunye Greece wayenza isilivere negolide. China umahluko yokuba kubalwa copper zabo. Thile emva kwesi sicwangciso baba aluminium ixhaphake ezahlukeneyo. Oku kusebenza bilona ngobhedu, zazezobhedu. Zemali zegolide wongezelela imali encinci ngobhedu - zaphumela tubal, isampuli leyo wayezimisele njengoko iqhezu ixesha yinxalenye yobhedu. Isampulu isoloko kumiselwa ngurhulumente.

Emva kwethutyana kwi aluminiyamu, wathi, nickel, ukukhokela kunye nezinye isinyithi ukuze wenze le ngqekembe ixesha elide ngakumbi banxibe-exhathisayo kulo msebenzi.

Amabali iimeko apho urhulumente kukhutshwa zemali ezintsha, banayo ihlelo efanayo ngaphambili, kodwa enasilela ngayo umgangatho, yaye ipesenti zesinyithi anqabileyo wabo asezantsi kakhulu. Lo ukuthotywa yenye yeendlela abangenakubanyusa.

Injongo zemali yamandulo

Yintoni Numismatics? Ukuchazwa umdla kwabaninzi. Ukuze baqale ukuqonda injongo zemali.

Ngaphambili, ukuba kusetyenziselwa kuphela ukuphunyezwa ingeniso yemali, kodwa kwakhona kwimemori. ukukhululwa sazo kuphelelwe nawuphi na umcimbi ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, oku kusebenza ukuqamba 'ukutyelela zobisi, "" ukufa "okanye" kwi ukuxolelwa kwezono. " Likwayiqonda le ngqekembe ezizodwa abacandayo ijaji umxhomi xa umhlala - ". Pfennig eHamburg umsiki" iingqekembe eSwitzerland yokuzalwa kwakhe nakwelinye ngemihla, akukho kangako. izifundo numismatics Science ezinkozo ngamnye ngamnye, enika ingqalelo ngenxa zonke iziganeko zembali ziye zaba nempembelelo inkangeleko yayo.

Ngokulinganayo ngqekembe ethandwayo 'ukutyelela zobisi. " Imizekelo Eyona ngabo babe inzuzo ye-isitampu 2 ekhutshwe ebukumkanini Saxony kutyelela Kings Mint Myuldenhyutten kwiminyaka ngo-1900, kwakunye iingqekembe Warsaw Mint ukuba umongameli Poland kule 1920. Ewe, ingakumbi ezifunwayo abaqokeleli namhlanje.

Kommomerativnye imali, umba esixhotyiswe ngokukodwa ixesha nawuphi na sihlandlo festive, kakhulu lifunwa zobuciko mihla.

Modern zemali ezixabisekileyo Russian

Numismatics eyenza abanye kakhulu iingqekembe zexabiso Russian, xabiso lazo elo yahluka ukusuka engange lamawaka 400 lamawaka engange ngesabelo ngasinye.

Oku kusebenza eesenti ezintlanu ngo-2002, apho kungekho uphawu Mint. Ixabiso imali - ukuya amawaka amane zangaphantsi ngambini. Ngokomzekelo, 5 eesenti, umba 2003 indleko ukuba 800 engange ngambini.

Kukho imali, kuba nkqu zinako ukufumana umvuzo. Ngokomzekelo, 5 engange ngo-2003, nto leyo sakhulula St. Petersburg Mint, ibhanki iya kuvavanywa engange 5000 ngesabelo ngasinye, kodwa ixabiso lazo Minti ingaphezulu kabini.

Enye imali engange-2003 lokhozo exabisa amawaka 10 engange. 50 cents 2001, ekhutshwe yi-Moscow Mint - 100 amawaka ubuncinane.

2 engange-2001, ekhutshwe liSebe le Moscow Mint exabisa 100 lamawaka engange. Kukwanjalo uya zemali emahlelweni 1 engange 2001.

Oku lulandelayo kwesi sigqibo: yinto uyithandayo imali eninzi - numismatics. Amaxabiso for izinto yingqokelela ngokwenene emihle ngamanye amaxesha prohibitively phezulu.