Numismatics yesayensi - ntoni na? Numismatics e Russia

Ukukhethwa numismatics njenge ikuba umdla ngokuqhelekileyo senzeka ishishini yobomi. Oku emangazayo umdla ukwenza, nto leyo evumela ukuba baqokelele imisebenzi yobugcisa baze bafunde imbali bhokisi nganye.

Science malunga kuphuhliso imali

Numismatics ukufunda imali njengezinto, nto leyo maxa wambi ezahlukeneyo waba imilo kunye nexabiso. Ixabiso le ngqekembe nje ubungqina zembali iqondwa kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa ke uphuhliso esithe isifundo eziinkozo baqalisa kuphela kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo emva kwexesha. umbingeleli Austria Joseph Hilariusom Eckel yabhalwa umsebenzi Doctrina Numorum Veterum (imfundiso lamanyange) imiqulu ezisibhozo (Vienna, 1793-1799), nto leyo ezama ukuze kujongwe zonke zemali ayenza zamandulo zamaGrike namaRoma senziwa. Emva kwexesha elithile zokusebenza Eckel kusingathwa ngamanye abaphandi.

Oku umfutho kwizinto ezenzeka ngayo numismatics zenzululwazi. Yintoni na isifundo lokuqokelela enkulu Minti, eyaziwa eYurophu. systematization lolwazi, kwakukho iikhathalogu ngoMay. Ukusuka Austria kwamanye amazwe nokusola numismatics nje isayensi neeyunivesithi ngundaba-mlonyeni phantsi kweliso mbali abanamava bezinto zakudala. Ngo-1850 emva kwexesha kuvele uluntu antique kwanezifundo "isifundo zemali."

Indlela ukuba ube numismatist

Ulwazi sesona sixhobo siphambili ukuqokelela imali. Ekunye nawo kuza umnqweno olunzulu ukufunda imali ehlabathini. Nabani na ube numismatist kwaye ukubandakanyeka azonwabisa mnandi nobanelisayo. Numismatics - isayensi Uphanda ngendlela imali iye yakhula eminyakeni. Ukuze benze le nto ibangel 'umdla uze wenze nje uqale ukufunda iindlela zokuqokelela imali. Kukho imibutho eyahlukeneyo kunye nemibutho apho ukwazi ukujoyina. Kodwa akukho mfuneko yokuba ukuba ziqwalaselwe ngokwayo a numismatist. Wakuba wenze isigqibo sokuba ukufunda yaye aqokelele imali, kufuneka kuqala siqonde ukuba abasoze baphinde ngokupheleleyo ingqokelela yakho.

umdlalo umdla

Qala uyithandayo yakho entsha, ukufunda malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemali, bafunda imbali yawo.

• Funda malunga nezinto ezahlukileyo apho yenziwa zemali.
• Funda unobangela kwaye izinto zexabiso yabo. Kunye nokwanda kolwazi kwi imbali, ungabona ukuba ixabiso zemali ezindala ayisoloko kuxhomekeke lilidala.
• Qaphela lwemali nganye, kwaye ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi malunga nokunqaba yayo umhla wokwenziwa.
• Ukuba umhla ityekile off, inqanaba nokunqaba ingqekembe emiselwe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo.
• Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba imali zokucoca kunganciphisa ixabiso layo.
• Fumanisa ukuba yintoni 'ukwenza' ku numismatics? Ngqo numismatists zenziwa up eziinkozo kunye kugudiswa ezahlukeneyo uphawu eziqaphelekayo ezahlukeneyo. Iimveliso ezinjalo ukubiza remakes. Maxa wambi eli gama lisetyenziswa ukuhanahanisa.
• Ukuqhubeka ukufunda imbali kunye nokubaluleka iinkozo.

Yintoni Coin

Okokuqala kufuneka babe nokuqonda intsingiselo yegama elithi "ngqekembe". Le iqhekeza ngesinyithi okanye enye uphawu eqinisekisiweyo eziphathekayo, nto leyo ebonisa ihlelo. Zonke ezi data zigqitywa maxwebhu ekhutshwe ngugunyaziwe olawulayo ukuze akhuphe imali. Uphawu ecaca ebonakalayo imali ezinkozo na material yaveliswa apho - kuba phantse yonke imihla, kude kube ngoku, metal. Kumaxesha amandulo kusetyenziswa iinkuni, ithambo. Ezikhethiweyo izinyithi ayenza kufuneka ubungakanani ngokwaneleyo ukubonelela feedstock zobisi. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zohlukile kwisithethe ngesithethe. E China, ukhetho kuqala ngentsimbi zawa phezu ngobhedu in India - Silver, kumazwe amaninzi aye kusetyenziswa igolide ingxubevange yesilivere (nesiliva) okanye isiliva. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwi inkcazo zemali kusetyenziswa amagama IsiNgesi, kodwa labobalawuli standard phantse wonke izifinyezo babesebenzisa, apho zivela kwisiLatini. Umzekelo, i-AV (Aurum) - oko igolide, AR (Argentum) - zesilivere, AE (AES) - sobhedu aluminium yayo. Coins akhiwe iteknoloji pruff, ingakumbi umdla lwemali. Yintoni na ubungqina numismatics? On a olukhazimlisiweyo ibhokisi lwemali shiny agudileyo ngokupheleleyo yenziwe nge nokuchasanisa umbala Mat legend. Imibhalo zilungiswe kwi engile entsimini, yaye ngokufuthi ukulanda impahla ipolishi. Ngexesha ukuveliswa iinkozo eziveliswa imivumbo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Abaqokeleli siwazise imiboniso enjalo ukugcina ukhanye kunye anozizi.

Njani imali yamandulo

ezinkozo mandulo yayenziwe ngesandla. Le metal, ukuba akunjalo, ubhedu, isiliva okanye igolide igalelwe ezibolile ukuvelisa flan - okusilelayo. Bona luthando ngezantsi kwindawo ukunyibilika itshiswa ibekwa matrix. Metal umfanekiso ngokudlulisela ingqekembe ebizwa amaqashiso. Iqashiso lesibini ngohlobo lomfanekiso sele ngamanqindi kwelinye icala workpiece. Le matrices bahlabeka ngesandla kwaye sakhiwa ipere iinxalenye. Engravers waba neemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke uhlobo olufanayo zemali zinokuba ukungafani ukusuka lwemali neminye imiba thotho. Amagama iinkozo zidla iphawulwe ngegama umlawuli okanye ubuchule yokuvelisa imali. Ngomhla umbuzo "penny" isihloko, numismatics ikholelwa ukuba igama livela bomfanekiso obverse of St. Georgiya Pobedonostsa ngomkhonto, yaye kamva kwabakho umkhweli elula, kodwa ephethe umkhonto. Bakholelwa ukuba ingqekembe encinane kakhulu elibizwa ngayo imbeko ngomkhonto.

Indlela ukuchaza zemali kwiikhathalogu

Kumaxesha amandulo, ngendlela eqhelekileyo mveliso imali ileqa ubunzima ebaluliweyo iingqekembe ukusuka intsila ethile, leyo kuthiwa ixabiso eliyimali. Numismatics ukholelwa ukuba uthelekiso onjalo ubunzima series ngamnye ukuchonga umgangatho lwemali, nenokuthi kuba ebalulekileyo kwimbali okanye ukufanisa kweemveliso ezithile. Golf - indawo phezu komhlaba ingqekembe ngeenxa imibhalo, enika kwesimo. Idla yahlulwe ekhohlo nasekunene. Enye inxalenye yayo iye igama layo. It is a elide enemvelaphi yayo ngolwimi lesiGrike elithi 'yangaphambili' yaye 'Ergon "kunye buthetha ukuba lilungu zetyeleba. Kukho lamandulo ukuba kwikhathalogu. Eli binzana sivela iimo zezenzi Latin "Lego", gama elo elithetha "funda". Lichaza umxholo le ngqekembe. Ilivo asenokubonisa ukuba igunya ezinika zetyeleba, amanqaku zetyeleba, chaza imibhalo nemifanekiso. Koonobumba mpawu asirhawule okanye ifreyimi umfanekiso uze uqhubeke ophela. Uthi numismatics, ukuba Ukongeza onjalo wabiza izibaluli adjuncts.

Ngaba kufuneka sibe nolwazi lwesigama

zemali yamandulo eziqokelelwe zobuciko kangangeenkulungwane. Kunonyaka abanini ikhoyo ezi yobuncwane. iingqekembe ezininzi ezindala kwi emarikeni kuthengiswa abaqokeleli ziindlalifa ezinye kubaqokeleli.

Uphawu okanye halo ebizwa ezongeziweyo lo mfanekiso ngohlobo isidanga okanye nesangqawe, intonga okanye Palm, draperies, iminqwazi, imisonto, cornucopia, ibhola, umkhonto. Ncokola kuvamise on entsimini okanye mazwi. Xa kuchazwa uluhlu umfanekiso ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene emva kokuba inkcazelo ungoyena usembindini. Imfuneko ingqalelo numismatics isigama ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwahlula imiqathango obverse kwaye reverse, okanye "iintloko" kunye "nemisila" kwi ngaphambili umva le ngqekembe kunceda ukuchaza avuleke. Akukho nanye kwezi zibini akukho ngokunxulumene ubuchule kwemveliso lwemali. Kubalulekile ukwazi oko kubonisiwe phambi matrix kanye kwicala lalo reverse. Imbali ngemvelaphi iinkozo zemali kunye nalowo awase ngaphambili, kusenokuba kuhle ngaphezu yokuqokelelwa ngokwayo. Ingakumbi ukuba avuleke avela umqokeleli ezaziwayo-kakuhle okanye kwintengiso.

Ziziphi izinto lisetyenziswa ingqokelela

zemali yamandulo abaninzi afumaneka kummandla olawulwa ezinqabileyo zakudala. Numismatics Russia, inkoliso yabo yabonisa ngokuqokelela myuziyam. zemali zamandulo, abonelela ngayo kwimarike namhlanje, sele kufunyenwe, ubukhulu becala kwiqela hoards. Oku imiboniso ezithe ilahlekile okanye wangcwatywa kumaxesha amandulo yaye yafunyanwa amateurs zesinyithi kufutshane iziza zakudala. Kumaxesha amandulo, kwakungekho iibhanki. Bayibona ingozi, abanini ubutyebi yokungcwaba nje kubo emhlabeni. Amanye amazwe thintela khangela iingqekembe yamandulo le tshin yesinyithi. Ezinye lithi ziye imithetho ezivumela searchers ubuncwane ukugcina okanye athengise ezinye okanye zonke izinto, kwaye oku umthombo zakudala ezivenkileni namhlanje.