Yintoni na ubuso lukhuni ngentsimbi? Kutheni ukusebenzisa ubuso lukhuni?

unyango ubushushu Art zesinyithi abawaziyo ixesha elide. Bona iinkosi benza ekwenziweni izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ingakumbi, balihlutha yabo okanye uqeqesho iminyaka kwezinye iingcali, nonamava. Iimfihlelo kuyimfihlo, leyo, Kakade ke, kunciphisa umyinge nokuhanjiswa yobuchwepheshe, kodwa yandisa ukhuphiswano ukusetyenziswa ethile imveliso ngumvelisi ethile yakhe. Enye yeendlela ezi armourers aphakathi yaba lukhuni ngaphezulu, enika nangokukrola imiphetho kunye lulikrele elibukhali kunye FOUND lukhuni ethile, idityaniswe kunye nezimo ikhaba. Namhlanje ezi propati nto intsha, ubuchwepheshe saka yaye wazuza ejikeleza jikelele.

Kuba oko konke ukwazi umntu avareji?

Oku iingcali inqaku metal thermal Kubonakala, iseti phindwe kunye izibakala ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Ukongezelela, ukuze afumane ezithile ukungangqinelani kwamagama. Ulwazi olunikiweyo ayenzelwanga bona, oko ibhekiswa abantu, kude shishino, amateurs abanomdla umahluko ngamandla blade ezilungileyo itafile rhoqo okanye imela yokukhwabusha, umphezulu yokuqaqadeka umthamo, kunye nemiba efanayo. Ukuthenga elinye okanye elinye ilungelo kwi item ekhaya, umboleki lijongene umahluko ngexabiso ebalulekileyo. Umthengisi awukwazi akusoloko ngokuchanekileyo ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba isixhobo omnye (utsalo, umzekelo) kakhulu ibiza ngaphezu enye xa ukufana iyonke lwangaphandle. Yena kungenzeka ukuzama ukuba 'ukulahlekisa ubuchopho "iyinto kwindoda eziqhelekileyo iingqiqo ezitalatweni kunye ngokoMthetho. Yaguqulelwa ngolwimi zesiqhelo, kwezi nkcazelo ibiya kuthetha ukuba utsalo wakuqotywa okanye iza kuhlala ixesha elide kwaye uyakufuna elizilolayo eninzi rhoqo (ukuba umthengi ufuna ukuyithenga imela). "Surface lukhuni!" - zilahleka zibonisa unobangela lomthengisi, amehlo akhe luyolo ngengqondo. Yintoni na?

Le mihlaba aphikisanayo kwimveliso enye

Njengoko kucacile kunyango amabinzana ubushushu kulo mzekelo phantsi kuphela umaleko obhityileyo zangaphandle kweli nqaku. Isibakala sokuba ngentsimbi kufuna lukhuni, nalezo ndiyaqikelela yonke, kwanabo andazi ukuba yintoni na. Yiloo nto eyahlukileyo ukusuka 'iqhekeza yentsimbi' njengesiqhelo, ezithambileyo kunye krobo. Kodwa kutheni imbeko enjalo uyakuvuyela ukuba ivela? Tempering isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha iimpawu sisinyithi, nangenxa ukuphucuka, njengokuba kubhaliwe wathi rhoqo kakhulu. Umgangatho, luncedo kwezinye iimeko, iba yingozi kwabanye. Ifayile Kunzima, kuba kulula ukuqhubekekisa intsimbi, aluminiyam okanye ubhedu, kodwa ukuba uzama sigobe kuyo, okanye hit ngehamile, oko kuya ukuzivula. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo intsimbi isarha, ngokufuthi kuqhekeze kwi wamonayo engile cut. Ukuze ukunika yokuqaqadeka kudityaniswe bungqingqwa kunye plasticity isicelo umphezulu lukhuni. Emva kokuba iimpawu imveliso zizidibanise umgangatho, ngamanye amaxesha uphawu malunga kwezakhiwo crystal ezahlukeneyo. Ngoku kufuneka ukuba lokuhlolisisa iinkcukacha ezinye yesayensi izinto.

Le ngcamango elula polymorphism iintsimbi

I-metal ofanayo, kuxhomekeke imilo yikristale emkhusaneni, ilifa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni (lukhuni, ubulukhuni, ductility, ukuthamba, luthambe kunye t. D.) Le ukukwazi ukutshintsha i mechanical parameters kuthiwa polymorphism. A kudala, mveliso iisampuli zamandulo izixhobo, abantu baye baqaphela ukuba omnye okanye elinye ikrele okanye ngomva laba kakuhle, yena igcina ndikho elide ingekuko. Kakade ke, ookhokho bethu abazange babeqhelene isakhiwo molecule ye intsimbi, phambi kokuba baya zonke ungaziva kwaye empirically. Ngenxa yoko, empirically, bafumanisa ukuba xa ingongoma ubushushu, ukuvutha imibala ixhomekeke kwithempritsha yayo. Ngenxa Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kwi sisinyithi iyatshintsha, kuya kusiba nzima ngakumbi, okanye uzuza bhetyebhetye. Xa itshiswe kwakhona, kuba kunjalo kwakhona, njengokuba yena, ibe mandundu ngamanye amaxesha. Ngelo xesha kwasekwa iingcamango ezithile kakhulu malunga kufuneka ibe yintoni, umzekelo, egqibeleleyo imela kuzingela. Umphezulu lukhuni ikwasetyenziselwa kakade, kodwa amaxesha amaninzi basebenzisa njalo-ebizwa ekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi, ezifana apho nkampani leyo elidlula, bhetyebhetye - embindini yakudubula nomlinganiso ibe likhaba ezikufutshane emphinini - zeplastiki (ukuba kungcono goba kancinane, kodwa akayaphula).

Kwenzeka ntoni ngaphakathi

Ngaphandle kokuya iinkcukacha ezithile, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba isakhiwo sentsimbi lukhuni ke kweentlobo ezintathu eziphambili: martensitic, troostite kunye sorbitol. Umlinganiselo kwezi zakhiwo crystal kwaye neempawu mechanical zixhomekeke. Kulo mzekelo, akunamsebenzi nguwuphi na kubo nendlela ezichaphazela yobulukhuni. Isiphumo ixhomekeke kwindlela intsimbi zifudumeleyo, yaye lupholisiwe ngayo ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, indawo lukhuni kungenzeka xa ukhulisa iqondo lobushushu nwebu iyintsimbi- elandelayo okanye impembelelo lwangaphandle medium ubushushu (elulwelo, ngokuqhelekileyo ioli, amanzi kunye anetyuwa, umoya okanye ezinye iiarhente) okanye ukurhoxiswa kwayo buso ukuya kwimveliso. utshintshwano Ngaloo polymorphic kwenzeka maleko, kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wemfezeko ubushushu ezibalulekileyo, echaphazela ukuyilwa kobume entsha crystalline.

Ngenxa yoko, kukho utshintsho kule nkalo zilandelayo:

- Upper, unenzondelelo lukhuni.

- esiphakathi, ngokomkhethe lukhuni. Libizwa ngokuba ummandla ubushushu abachaphazelekayo.

- Indawo ziyancipha bobuso.

- Inxalenye engaphakathi abakhange utshintsho ngokwemigaqo.

Iindlela for komhlaba lukhuni

Yenza i nwebu ukuba lukhuni eziphakamileyo, ngeendlela ezininzi. Railway wagon kunye imithombo imithombo adubule nje iibhola metal encinane (wadubula), ukudala umgangatho itywina, kunye umthamo engaphakathi but is ductile ngokwaneleyo ukumelana uxinezeleko ngoomatshini ixesha elide. Kucingwa indlela kakhulu amandulo ubilisa ngokukhawuleza isifundo phezu umlilo evulekileyo, ekhatshwa ukutshiza okanye flow jet. Kungenxa yale bugcisa yenziwa kwigophe yemveli kwimpuma ikhaba (KARAMBIT). Umphezulu lukhuni ingenziwa kunye lungapholi olunzulu. Kwakhona ezaziwayo gas-plasma, induction, laser, kunye nezinye iindlela. Abanye babo bakhetha ukuhlala iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

HDTV

Phakathi kwiminyaka yee nenani-30 isazinzulu eSoviet VP Vologdin wasungula indlela ngokuphumeza kwangaphambili iinkcukacha ezimagqagala-kufutshane lobume molecule usebenzisa kwemisinga ophezulu rhoqo. zobunjineli Mechanical okhula ngokukhawuleza, ishishini kufuneka lobuchwepheshe ukuqinisekisa imveliso mass ngaphandle kokunikezela umgangatho. Surface lukhuni HD isekelwe phezu mba yoqheliso. Le peculiarity le ndlela sikuko ukuba shushu umaleko ububanzi ngokuxhomekeke rhoqo kunye ubukhulu ngoku kwisakhelo obaneleyo. Xa olu Isiphumo sifuna kakhulu ukulindela, ngoko, ulawulo umgangatho lula kakhulu. Ukongeza, indlela lisebenza kwimpatho iimveliso jikelele kunye amacandelo, ezifana crankshafts kunye nezinye izinto ezinkulu anokuthi lingashukumi ngokusebenzisa inductor, ngokulandelelana ebhenca ubude yonke. Xa oku, kube nzima ukukhetha i parameters ukusebenza izinto ezincinane kwaye iflethi, ezifana ngemela. Umphezulu lukhuni eliphezulu-rhoqo yangoku esebenzayo kwiimveliso enkulu kakhulu, amandla banxibe ukuxhathisa elandelwayo exhomekeke kwiimpawu mechanical esibekwa engaphandle.

Iimpawu isicelo ye HDTV indlela

Le ndlela iye yaphuhliswa kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kwicandelo lobunjineli, ingxaki siphambili amandla ukuziphendulela USSR, nto leyo ibonakalisa nkcukacha isicelo sayo. Iinkcukacha ibalulekileyo iitrektara, amatanki, izithuthi okanye iinqwelo-ziziinkalo ukuba musa ukuvumela ukufaka kubo kukwisakhelo inductor compact, mveliso izixhobo ngamnye kubo imali eninzi kakhulu, yaye ukuba kungenziwa ngokusekwa kubukhulu sikhulu, amandla iindleko iba kakhulu. Noko ke, induction umphezulu lukhuni lisetyenziswe zonke iimveliso, ukususela amancinci kakhulu ezinkulu. Umzekelo, iigiyeri abakhuselekanga rhoqo nangendlela ecwangciswe kakuhle ngokulandelelana ekujikeni "nezinyo liphindezelwe ngezinyo. ' Ngokuqhubekayo ngokulandelana zotha izinto crankshafts kunye driveshafts, ihamba ngaphakathi isakhelo esiqingqiweyo se-inductor, apho ezipholileyo (sisitshizi) iqukiwe kulo inkqubo ngoko nangoko emva kwayo. Ukumiswa node terminal luyenziwa nangoko unkcenkceshelo batshizwe zamanzi workpiece (kungoko igama, amaqabane nge "spray").

Kodwa iimveliso kunye kumphezulu encinane ukuqaqadeka obekwe kwi inductor ngokupheleleyo yaye zipholile ngokunjalo.

laser

Esi sixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, yaye iye yasetyenziswa kuzo ngensimbi. Le ndlela ayidingi ebandayo, njengoko umqadi ifuthe okomzuzwana oko kuchaphazela phezu umaleko oluphezulu intsimbi, ebangela utshintsho zinqwenelekayo kubume njengekristale. "Laser bukhali" ngokwenene akukho mfuneko ukunika ukubhuqa elide ukusika Isixhobo (ubukhulu becala ngenxa kubo isicelo), ukuba imveliso kuwo ngenene izicelo le ndlela. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iminyaka yethu ileyibhile mbumbulu kwi imveliso ayisoloko ne inyaniso. Ngamanye amaxesha nebala onjalo zinokuhonjiswa kwaye athengiswe kwi kwesitalato okomzuzwana imeko ethile nozh- cheap "ibhabhathane". Umphezulu lukhuni ngu laser umqadi - ubuchwepheshe eqolo, nto ifumaneka kuphela kubavelisi aphambili izixhobo.

kubanda

Isiseko ebonakalayo le ndlela kokufunyanwa isenzeko yokwandisa yobulukhuni ngentsimbi ngenxa transfer isakhiwo austenite ukuya martensite kwi ngumkhenkce enzulwini. Uvelise indlela olo kumphezulu lukhuni eziphuhliswe A. P. Gulyaevym, N. A. Minkevichem kunye S. Sternberg kwi-USSR. Uya kusebenza ukuba carbon (equlathe ngaphezu kwe-0.5 ekhulwini C) kunye insimbi ngeenjongo ezithile, ezifana zaveliswa ngenxa ukuveliswa izixhobo yeqondo ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nezinye iimveliso izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

zokufudumeza electric

Ngokubanzi, yakhelwe phezu kumgaqo induction lukhuni, kunye umahluko zabo kuphela ukuba resistor ubushushu kwenziwa ngeendleko wayedlula ezinkulu iimpawu zangoku kunye namacandelo ukuxhathisa. Le rhoqo ombane asebenza ngendlela efanayo kuchaphazela ubunzulu umaleko ukuba shushu, kwaye ngaphezulu oko, kokukhona ke thinner. Yobulukhuni umphezulu inokuba ukusuka iqhezu ndlela abambalwa leeyunithi yayo. Kuxhomekeke iimfuno imveliso kunye nobukhulu bayo. Xa sithelekisa indlela HDTV ngombane resistive ukusuka kuluhlu olubanzi imisinga, amaqondo kunye ezinzulwini lamanqanaba. Nayo ingaveliselwa, umzekelo, kuba omkhulu kangaka kwaye ifuna item esemgangathweni ezizodwa ezifana onencula zamajoni. Umphezulu lukhuni ukufudumeza yombane kudinga yobuchwepheshe ulinganiswe ukusebenza Ukupholisa kwezinye iiarhente teploprinimayuschih oyile, amanzi okanye.

iziphumo

Ngenxa yoko, yinto ephambili angaphezulu yokuqaqadeka na ulwabiwo enjalo lobume yikristale kwalapha kwisihloko, apho ngaphakathi iintlobo troostite okanye sorbitol, nangaphandle umaleko yakheke martensite. Oku kuphunyezwa ngeendlela eziliqela, ukususela ilula kakhulu ukuya kakhulu enobuchwepheshe kunye mihla. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko lukhuni umgangatho intsimbi kufuna ubuchule ophezulu kunye nokuchaneka ukungqinelana nemigaqo-mveliso. Imveliso yenziwa ngokungqinelana nemigaqo, asikwazi lungabizi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kuyabiza kwaye ikhitshi imela elungileyo, kunye KARAMBIT. Surface lukhuni i-laser umqadi oluqhelekilyo nje ukusika izixhobo.