Yintoni chemosynthesis? Yintoni ukufana wayo photosynthesis?

Kweli nqaku siza kujonga ukuba kwenzeka ntoni izinto chemosynthesis. Le yindlela omnye ngamandla eziphilayo ezifumaneka ngokwendalo ntsholongwane ezithile ophilileyo.

Iindlela eziphilayo ukutya

Ukuze uqonde into chemosynthesis, kufuneka kuqala ukuba ukukhumbula kuthetha ntoni ukutya ngokusebenzisa eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu bahlule amaqela amabini kwezidalwa: hetero kunye autotrophs. Eyokuqala bayakwazi ukuba badle izinto eziphilayo kuphela ukulungele. Iiproteni, amafutha kunye carbohydrate sebenzi iguqulwe ngu ezikhethekileyo okanye vacuoles kwinkqubo yokwetyisa. Zizilwanyana heterotrophic, nomngundo, ezinye iintsholongwane.

iintlobo autotrophs

eziphilayo Autotrophic ngokwabo kuhlelwe izinto eziphilayo ezisetyenziswa ngakumbi ukwenza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ubomi. Kuxhomekeka phezu umthombo wamandla asetyenziswa kulo mzekelo, kusekho bahlule amaqela amabini eziphilayo. Le ifoto kunye chemotroph. Abameli yokuqala kubo zizityalo. Bona nokulungelelanisa namandla zibe iswekile ngexesha photosynthesis. Le nkqubo lwenzeka kuphela chloroplasts plastids of eluhlaza phambi kwelanga, amanzi kunye carbon dioxide. Chemotroph ezinye iintsholongwane. Kuba Yindibanisela izinto eziphilayo kufuneka iindidi iikhompawundi acid, ukuba oxidize. Ukufana chemosynthesis yefotosinthesis ukukwazi ukwenza self-eziphilayo zidinga izinto ukusuka kokusingqongileyo ukuze zithwale carbon, amanzi kunye nokunyityilikiswa nokuphuculwa kwezimbiwa iityuwa.

Chemosynthesis: definition kunye nembali nokufumanisa

Makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Yintoni chemosynthesis? Le yenye indlela amandla autotrophic apho igcwala of iikhompawundi izimbiwa for organic yokuqaphela. Ngoku sifumanisa oko eziphilayo kwenzeka chemosynthesis. Le eyodwa ukuba ulime ngokwendalo kuphela iintlobo ezithile prokaryotes. Le nkqubo iye yasekwa ngayo eziphilayo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 Russian Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii. Ukusebenza eStrasbourg elebhu Antona De Bary, waqonda amava isizukulwana amandla ngenxa igcwala of nesalfure. Eziphilayo abakwaziyo ukwenza le nkqubo imichiza, wabiza anorgoksidantami. Ngexesha befunda, abaphengululi ikwazile ukufumana kunye neentsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa. Phambi kokuba kwafunyanwa inkqubo chemosynthetic autotrophic ukuba umzimba kuphela izityalo photosynthesis kunye icyanobacteria.

Ukungaboni kunye nokufana photosynthesis kunye chemosynthesis

Zombini ezi ntlobo ze ukutya ukutya zeplastiki autotrophic, okanye nokwenziwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba indlela ezi nkqubo Ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo nokutshintshiselana negesi. Ngoko wezenzi ukuqala ezi bezimbiwa compound. Ikhamera & chemosynthesis kukho iindlela Ukubolekisa zizinto umhlaba onokuphila. Zonke iintlobo autotrophs zinika iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze ubomi nje bona kuphela, kodwa ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, mpilo bavela ngexesha photosynthesis. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuze ukuphefumla. A chemotrophic iintsholongwane nitrifying kuguqula nitrogen zibe kwimeko apho inokubuyiselwa zifunxwe zizityalo.

Kodwa phakathi kwezi ntlobo zokutya, kukho inani lweeyantlukwano. Chemosynthesis livela kwizisele iintsholongwane apho musa ziqulathe kombala yiklorofili eluhlaza. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba zisetyenziselwa igcwala a compound kwezinto ezithile kuphela: isalfure, initrogen, hydrogen okanye intsimbi. Ingakumbi ebalulekileyo ngale ndlela ngokutya kwezo ndawo, apho kwelanga ayikho. Ngoko ke, kubunzulu ezinkulu ungaphila chemotroph kuphela. Ukuze inkqubo photosynthesis amandla kunyanzelekile elanga. Ngaphezu koko, kwizityalo, kule nkqubo lwenzeka kuphela kwiiseli ezizodwa eziqulathe kombala yiklorofili eluhlaza. Enye imfuneko ukufumaneka yonikezelo phototrophic le carbon dioxide.

insimbi igciwane

Zintoni chemosynthesis, siya kuqwalasela umzekelo neebhaktiriya ukuguqula le compound yentsimbi. ifunyanwe kwakhona ongowakhe S. N. Vinogradskomu. Kwindalo, ukuba ezisasazwa kumanzi kunye netyiwa. Eli chemosynthetic yabo ukutshintsha Valence yesinyithi ukusuka emibini ukuya kwemithathu. Oku ukhupha imali encinane wamandla. Ngoko ke, iintsholongwane intsimbi kuyimfuneko ukwenza le nkqubo kakhulu kunene.

Ekubeni bacterium phakathi eziphilayo kakhulu, ngenxa yobomi babo kule planethi wambumba imali enkulu ekrwada zentsimbi kunye manganese. Xa prokaryotes kushishino data kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ubhedu ecocekileyo.

bacteria sulphur

Ezi prokaryotes ziyancipha sulphur compound. Ngomhla isifundo kwezi eziphilayo, inkqubo chemosynthesis yavulwa. Ngokuba lo hlobo iintsholongwane igcwala usebenzisa emanzini, sulfides, sulfates, polythionates kunye nezinye izinto. Ezinye prokaryotes eli qela ngexesha chemosynthesis yande nesalfure elemental. Oku kwenzeka kokubini eziseleni nangaphaya. Le ikhono kusetyenziswa ekusombululeni ingxaki nomoya ezongezelelweyo kunye muncu kwimihlaba.

indalo amagciwane sulphur zokuhlala ngamanzi ahlaziyekileyo yaye anetyiwa. iimeko eyaziwayo ukuyilwa ezi zinto ziphilayo symbioses ziimpethu ityhubhu kunye izilwanyana leyo bahlala elitshisiweyo, kunye ummandla osezantsi.

iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa

Ukubaluleka chemosynthesis ngokwendalo luqinisekiswa kakhulu umsebenzi prokaryotes nitrogen-ukulungiswa. Abaninzi kubo bahlala iingcambu kwezidumba kunye nokutya okuziinkozo. kubudlelwano yabo kuyingenelo macala. Izityalo zinika carbohydrate prokaryotes ukuba kuhlelwe ngexesha photosynthesis. Kwaye iibhaktheriya ukuvelisa nitrogen efunekayo ukuze uphuhliso ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo ingcambu.

Phambi kokuba kokufunyanwa iimpawu olu hlobo ingcamango iyakwazi ekhethekileyo amagqabi sembotyi. Kamva kwavela ukuba izityalo ngokuthe ngqo inxaxheba kwinkqubo ye-nitrogen nitrogen, i inkqubo na iintsholongwane eziphila iingcambu zabo zenziwe.

Olu hlobo prokaryotes ubonelela iintlobo ezimbini ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Ngenxa yoko, ukuguquka lokuqala lwenzeka ammonia ukuya ngezithako. Izisombululo zezi zinto faka isityalo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ingcambu. iintsholongwane ezinjalo kuthiwa nitrifying. Elinye iqela prokaryotes ezinjalo uguqula nitrate nerhasi nitrogen. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba denitrifying iintsholongwane. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wawo yinto umjikelezo oqhubekayo lwesi sakhi imichiza yendalo.

iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungisa kwiingcambu zezityalo ukugqobhoza ukuya kwisiza ukwenzakala okanye nesigubungelo zomzimba, kwaneenwele zone sokufunxa. Xa ngaphakathi, iiseli prokaryotic baqala ngenkuthalo nesabelo, nto uluhlu lunamaqoqo ezininzi. Zibonakala ukuya ngeliso lenyama. Umntu osebenzisa impahla iintsholongwane nitrogen-ukulungiswa ukunika nitrate zomhlaba yendalo, nto leyo ekhokelela ukwandisa imveliso.

Nature and chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis indima kwindalo kunzima ukuba zazi. Igcwala of iikhompawundi kwiQela indalo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ukuhamba jikelele kwezinto kule biosphere. Chemotroph ukuzimela xa kuthelekiswa ukusuka amandla kwelanga kwenza kwabo abemi kuphela ezizidendeleko anzulu olwandle kunye nemimandla uqhekeko.

Ammonia kunye emanzini zilungiswa prokaryotes data izinto eziyityhefu. Kulo ixabiso chemosynthesis lwecala Nokwethisa ezi zinto. Kwinzululwazi elide ezifana yaziwa ngokuba "-MaB ngokufihlakeleyo". It abunjwe eziphilayo kuphela ukuba ubomi akudingeki kungekho kukhanya okanye ioksijini. Le propati eyahlukileyo yababephethwe iintsholongwane anaerobic.

Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku, sibonile ukuba yintoni chemosynthesis. Undoqo yale nkqubo kuxhomekeke igcwala of iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo. eziphilayo Chemosynthetic ezinye iintlobo prokaryotes: isalfure, iintsholongwane zentsimbi kunye nitrogen-nitrogen.