Kolyma HPP: indawo, iimeko zendalo, ixabiso loqoqosho. Kolyma mveliso yezityalo ogama Yu Frishter

Tyelela ezi zindawo ukuqwalasela umatshini enjalo - ngoko ukufumana ulonwabo olukhulu, kodwa ke iingxaki enkulu endleleni ukuba kude kakhulu Kolyma HPP. Yoyisa iikhilomitha ezingamakhulu amahlanu ukusuka Magadan kwi Far North - kwakungelula.

Overview

Oku kubhekisela isityalo amandla ngamanzi ka PJSC "Kolymaenergo", mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ukuba umncedisi we-JSC "RusHydro". Kolymskaya HPP for iseti parameters wahlukile. Oku isakhiwo nje omkhulu onamandla.

Unique ikakhulu kuba Region Magadan inkqubo ngamandla uyazimela yonke inkqubo amandla ka-Russia, kananjalo nangenxa oku amandla ngamanzi phantse yonke kuyimfuneko amandla endle - 95% - ibonelela ngokuzimeleyo. A yokuvelela ephambili - indawo yayo. Kungqameko permafrost nguye owokuqala kuphela. Kolyma HPP na idama liphezulu, yaye igumbi injini ibekwe phantsi komhlaba. kuba unamandla kakhulu phakathi iiprojekthi efanayo.

History of indalo

Ideas ngendlela yokusebenzisa amandla ukuhamba yendalo ye Kolyma River bakukhutshelwa phambili kwasekuqaleni banesifo ye komhlaba Ascension kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. nokuba kukho babulawa iiprojekthi eziliqela phambi kokuqala kweMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Okulandelayo, ityala akazange abe ixesha ukuhamba. Ukuze ukuphehla ugesi apha waqhubeka ukusebenzisa amalahle yasekuhlaleni. Buyela iiprojekthi le kummandla into efunekayo, njengoko Kolyma HPP, lwafika gqira, xa zonganyelwe ukuchithakala post-imfazwe ukoyisa indawo yaqala. NgoJuni 1964, senza ukudubula nezobhalo zonke kule ndawo, yaye ngowe-1965 kwafika apha iqela uMphathiswa wezaMandla lenjineli zezixhobo hydraulic.

Iziphumo zale hambo, kwaye waba isigqibo umsebenzi saveyi kwi kwisiza ulungelelwaniso kwamandla kagesi elizayo. Emva koko ke konke kwenzeke, i-kwiNgingqi Magadan waza wathabatha iqela lokuqala hydraulic iinjineli-abahloli. NgoDisemba kunyaka olandelayo wajoyina uphuhliso kule projekthi, kwaye ngo-1967 yaqala kwindawo zophando ezintsonkothileyo. Wayesebenza kwi projekthi "Lengidroproekt", endaweni kwiphulo weshumi walukhenketha ekujoliswe kuko yile ziko. NgoNovemba 1969, ekuqaleni uphila ulawulo ukwakhiwa umbutho "Kolymagesstroy" kwi "Vilyuygesstroya". Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa iKomiti yoCwangciso State USSR isihloko umsebenzi olwandulela ulwakhiwo wavuleka. Ngokufutshane, ngowe-1970, isikhululo samandla ngamanzi kwi uMlambo Kolyma sele iqalile khona kwalo - kodwa ngokohlobo yokwakha.

ekuqaleni

NgoFebruwari 1970, lo itreyila yokuqala ukusuka Yakutia ukuya kwisikhululo ekujoliswe sele ithunyelwe, kunye nezixhobo zokwakha Matshi efika. Imigama phandle kukho iiveki enjalo ezimbini endleleni - oku ke kuqhelekile, njengokuba kude yonke enye into Kolyma HPP. iimeko yemvelo ezizodwa kakhulu - le permafrost, Ekude North. Abantu kunye nobuchwepheshe ivela nje kuphela Yakutia, kodwa Magadan kwilali Uptar zilinde i isiseko transit - ukwakhiwa platform yokuqala. Okokuqala, kwafuneka ukuba kwakhiwe izindlu ukuba abasebenzi ekwakheni iindlela kunye nabanye kwezibonelelo. enye aphehla abaninzi uyayiphepha kobuxhakaxhaka eso sicwangciso, kunye Kolyma amandla ngamanzi silima ukuhamba yonke indlela ukuya kwiqanda. Lo asinguye nedama neentente Kwakufuneka (imozulu ayikho intente!), Kwakhiwa Kukho ezinjengeetheminali yokugcina, iindlela zokufikelela, izindlu kunye sockultbit.

Ngoko zokuhlala kukho hydrobuilders Sinegorye kunye nezindlu enemigangatho emibini ezenziwe ngamaplanga, ngoko panel-aluminiyam, ezintle kakuhle zigcinwe, kunye nesikolo, enkulisa, iivenkile kunye nendlu inkcubeko. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iimeko zemozulu abangqwabalala kakhulu, kwaye permafrost akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwakha indlu phezu kwesiseko kunye nokwakhiwa nayiphi ubukhulu zisoloko eyakhelwe yasekelwa. Summer inobulali, maxa wambi eshushu, umaleko ongaphezulu linyibilike emhlabeni, isiseko ndiyihlanganise ndiyidadise. Kulungile, ebusika thabatha ezingamashumi amathandathu anesibini degrees Celsius - ubushushu eqhelekileyo, oko kwandisa inani leeveki. Zokufudumeza kuqale Far North ithatha ubuncinane iintsuku ezimakhulu mabini anamanci asixhenxe, ngokufuthi - ngakumbi. Kodwa eli lizwe lalingene kakhulu kwakufuneka Kolyma HPP, indima nokubaluleka kwazo kwezoqoqosho yeyabahlali.

izakhiwo main

NgoJuni 1974, wakhupha i-emele yokuqala emhlabeni. Ngoko ke waqalisa ukuyakha edamini. Kolyma HPP yakhiwa ngaxeshanye zokuhlala hydrobuilders omnye iminyaka emibini, yaye ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1976, esi sakhiwo yaba ukothuka All-Union. Ezimbini nesiqingatha iwaka eli lizwe intle Komsomol beza kumaqela Kolyma. Ngowe-1980, lo mlambo wavingcelwa kwisiza kwamandla ngamanzi, yaye kungekudala iyunithi yokuqala hydraulic sele avavanyiwe. Zizonke ezintlanu, sicinywa yokugqibela ukusebenza kuphela ngo-1995. Ngo-2010, amandla ngamanzi yaziwa ngokuba "Kolyma HPP ogama Frishter yi" - ukuba igama emva kokuba umlawuli wokuqala kunye nomphathi yokwakha.

zokwakha ngamanzi - idama enamandla eliphezulu-uxinzelelo HPP: Iliwa Ugcwaliso kwedama, komhlaba isibalo amanzi isakhiwo, PTC kunye ISG (ezintsonkothileyo kwimizi-zobugcisa kunye ivalekile isixhobo distribution) lwedama. Ufakelo okwexeshana kunye nokusisigxina komhlaba apha amanani amakhulu, kwaye ubude babo phezu kweekhilomitha ezisixhenxe, yaye isixa vylomki - 425 000 square metres. Isiqinisekiso ugesi ngamanzi - 224 megawatts, kwaye ifakwe - 900, ngokomlinganiselo, sidala 3.325 bhiliyoni kWh umbane ngonyaka.

umfula

isityalo amandla kagesi wakha kude emlonyeni - 1854 km Kolyma nangoku aqukuqela elwandle. Kwakukho ibekwe imigubasi yomnyango omkhulu Kolyma, leyo ngoku waphuphuma ndawo. Intili yezo Kolyma River kule ndawo ayemxinwa kakhulu, uMenzi gorge kunye kumathambeka kakhulu. Ngokuba bomelele, miqulu mikhulu. Naxa zigqityiwe ihlobo ukwindla nezikhukhula, HPS ixhasa yokulahla amanzi. Ngaloo unikezelo elide emlanjeni. akusayi kubakho apho amandla ngamanzi yedwa - Kolyma HPP ndachithelwa ibandakanya izikhululo ezimbini. Le isikhululo samandla ngamanzi - kwinqanaba eliphezulu ayo. Kunye nokuqaliswa kwe-Ust-Srednekanskaya uyakwazi ukulawula ngokupheleleyo navigability le Kolyma River, kunye neendlela nokusebenza Kolyma HPP uya kuba miqobo. Ngoku ke akunjalo. ukukhutshwa kwamanzi nganye uphela umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu ekomelezeni elunxwemeni kunye olwandle. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwiimpazamo kwenzeka ngokufuthi ngakumbi kunokuba iye ibalwe, lo lwedama elide isebenza.

Bonke kuquka amadama ngamanzi kunye namachibi. Apha umlambo kufuna izinto ezimbini: i siqinisekiso ngokupheleleyo nokufumaneka kwamanzi kunyaka-ngeenxa namathambeka elungileyo. Ophehlwa lidla ibekwe apho ebisenyobeni-imbono ngengingqi. Kolyma - it lo mlambo, kwaye ke kwakhiwa entilini Kolyma HPP. Sinegorye - ngokuqukunjelwa Amandla - ngu ezintlanu kuphela ezilikhulu ukusuka Magadan. Mhlawumbi, phezu nomsinga mncinane - Iiyure ezi-3-4 ngemoto. North akathandi xa abantu sithandabuze indlela okwexeshana. Kukho ingaba zonke iiyure ezingamashumi amathathu ukuya kwiziko lwengingqi, kodwa ndiyavuya ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphandle adventure okungafunekiyo. Kodwa ukuba uye ngqo ecaleni Kolyma ezimakhulu mabini khilomitha, endleleni uya kuwa ndachithelwa yesibini (kwaye yokugqibela) - Ust-Srednekanskaya. Apha, ikhonkrithi kunye edamini yodongwe nayo ezinokwakhiwa kwindawo kwaza komfula.

parameters

Kolyma amandla kagesi yakhiwa ngokwezigaba ezibini: yakhiwa kuqala, eyakhiwe amaziko zesamente madama kunye okwethutyana, spillways, ijelo esingena namatonela, ngaphantsi, inxalenye yesakhiwo PTK, igumbi ikhompyutha kwi units ezintathu zaye zabandakanywa xi zancitshiswa, kwaye sesibini isigaba awamise idama main , a lwedama, iindawo zokungenisa ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo HPP. One anamanci mathathu anesine kunye iimitha enesiqingatha - ukuphakama idama ukuya iphezulu, abaphakathi ubuninzi komhlaba ngayo - liphezulu kweli lizwe. ubude bayo, kokuthabatha kummango, 683 eemitha, ububanzi - 15. Ngaphezulu ngezantsi - eyona ngongoma zelitye lenyengane ilitye prism wesishwankathelo engundoqo engenakungenwa zomhlaba (obambe oyisanti), izihluzi eyenziwe ngesanti kunye zegrabile prisms zicwangciswe phakathi abutment kunye engundoqo.

Lwedama phantse omelene isakhiwo, ukuba wenziwe ngekhonkrithi njenge Chutes lwedama trohprolotny kunye nokuxhuma nesiphelo. trinadtsatimetrovy imitha-amabini ubude nganye esilala shutter. Phakama, bawe Izivalo winches, ngasinye apho zinokuzisa ezimakhulu mabini iitoni esangweni ngalinye ulingana ezimbini. Kolyma ichibi (okanye ulwandle, njengoko yaziwa) kweekilometa eziyi-6 ububanzi kunye 148 ubude, kwindawo yayo - 441 square km, ubunzulu ubuninzi - 120 leemitha. Azele ngamanzi ukususela ngowe-1980, inkqubo ubukho kangangeminyaka esibhozo. Njengesiqhelo ntoni kulwakhiwo izityalo lombane, kwagcwala eninzi ukulima. Apha, e Kolyma, ukuba amadlelo kunye namasimi umbona bengengabo, Kakade. Ke zonke izakhiwo bafudukela - bona zibiza apha. kuye ukubamba grayling, whitefish, Lenca, burbot, kunye iintlobo ezininzi ezinye iintlanzi okulungileyo: ngabantu Sea uthando.

Okunye malunga iimeko zendalo

Bonke-Union isakhiwo wenza ukuba olu hlali ngokupheleleyo kwaye uyazimela mmandla ehlabathini. Kolyma omkhulu, nto leyo osemendweni ikufuphi, ibekwe iikhilomitha mane, nto leyo kakhulu kunene ngenxa imiqathango Far North. Stoke e Kolyma, njengokuba kunjalo kuwo onke yemilambo zasentla, kakhulu kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. I kunazo ekukhukuleni ehlotyeni nasekwindla ngamaza ezimbini - entwasahlobo (kwincopho ngoJuni) kunye lemvula (Agasti noSeptemba). Ngexesha lonyaka efudumeleyo nokwandisa kakhulu yonke kwemali - 97 ekhulwini.

Ebusika, kakade, phantse obebuza kubhanga: lo mlambo emkhenkceni ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha, kwaye kuvulwa ekuyeni ekupheleni kukaMeyi, ngeli thuba ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kusithwa 3 cubic metres ngomzuzwana. A neGauteng elide - ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-200 ukuya-270 ngonyaka. Ebusika kuyabanda kakhulu, lo awo na ukuhla nokunyuka lobushushu asithoba anesibhozo degrees konyaka! Oko kukuthi, ebusika -62 (kwamaqondo obushushu), kwaye ehlotyeni +36 (ubuninzi). Apha rhoqo ukuvuthela yimimoya, ngakumbi ebusika, bomelele, xa thabatha amathandathu ngayo yenza imozulu nje onzima, kodwa azibe. Le ndawo nalo kakhulu seysmichen - amanqaku asixhenxe (MSK-64 scale).

Sinegorye

Kufutshane lali akhule ngamanzi. Isiphelo ke lowo lula. Xa isikhululo isalungiswa, bekukho abangaphezu kwe-17 amawaka abantu (khumbula ukuba wokugqibela - sesihlanu - kweyunithi kwaba ukusebenza ngo-1995), ke ngoko ukuba abantu abaninzi kangaka apha nje musani ukuba umsebenzi. Sinegorye bakukhuphela ngokukhawuleza, abantu bephuma kwezinye iindawo, kwezinye iiprojekthi zokwakha okanye ukuhlasela. Okwangoku, bonke abantu Sinegorye hayi ngaphezulu kwe ezingamawaka amabini abantu. Le abasebenzi ngamanzi isikhululo samandla ukukhonza, abasebenzi abasebenzi zombane kunye karhulumente. Kunye nabantu wemka Sinegorye kunye nokubonelela iinzuzo zentlalo.

Yonke into ngokukhawuleza kubuna: impilo, imfundo, inkcubeko. Kuphela swimming pool ifumaneka kude kube ngoku. Ezinye yezemidlalo super-rich - iphantse apho. Le meko efanayo phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Kodwa lo mmandla kulindeleke ukuba siphuhlise, kuyo nayiphi na imeko ukuba singalahlekani sele yakhiwe. Zingaphi izindlu ngoku ezingenanto in Sinegorye! Bonke bamshiya. Nokuba akukho mbuzo ngaloo nto, kutheni baphile apha. Ewe, umhlaba ongaphantsi yendawo ezixineneyo esikrwada - zentsimbi kunye uranium, nebhekile, platinum, igolide ... Kolyma HPP ukulungiselela le njongo kwaye eyakhelwe - ukuphuhlisa idipozithi.

kwenziwa njani

Xa kwi 30 ezikude kobutyebi basekuhlaleni ayavelelwa, kwacaca ukuba kufuneka imali eninzi kwaye enamandla hub amandla. Permafrost, imozulu nzima kwenza umsebenzi ingakumbi ixesha elide kakhulu kwaye kakhulu eninzi. Nangona kunjalo, eli cala kwalenza phambili. Ngaba wenza izibalo enzima nophando xa ukhetha uhlobo lwe lwedamu, safumana indawo kakhulu kangangoko ulungelelwaniso. Wenza umsebenzi omkhulu wolungiselelo, kwaye apha - mashishini umi ubuhle. Yonke into "ngokungqongqo imithetho," njengoko bathi kule ndawo. Kulo mzekelo, ingqiqo - terroformirovanie. Ukuba le nkqubo bakhuliswe ukuya ekupheleni, oko kukhokelela lenguqulelo ehlabathini umhlaba utshintsha inkangeleko, okusingqongileyo kunye nemozulu. kwenziwa into efanayo Kolyma HPP.

indawo mveliso enamandla, indlela olwenziwa wadalwa, waseka iindidi zemveliso. Sithe safumanisa baza umsebenzi ukuvelisa izinto zokwakha: intlabathi, ilitye, udongwe, gypsum. Nendlela imiqolo zobuchwepheshe kangakanani wavela kwizibuko Magadan! Esebenza ngayo izithuthi zinamandla - izkulahla BelAZ, KrAZ, KamAZ, sicaca apha trailer kunye ukumbiwa, Oogandaganda, iitrektara. Ngapha koko, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba nje nangantoni na, nantsi indawo shurupchika ezingenanto kunye zasendle okanye ezincinane engamfumani, singasathethi multi-ton sombane kunye ngephiko hydrogenerator. Window iglasi, iimpahla zokunxiba, ifanitshala, ukutya kunye milenge - oko Wanikelwa endleleni kunye namazwe akude.

feat

Kolyma, njenge isitshetshe, besika kummango Cherskogo, ebabela ibe ezibini zamagxa lenyengane enkulu, ekufuneka ngoku ukuba ukulungele - ukulungelelanisa kunye ucocekile, kuba kulapha ngokuhamba kwexesha uye wabeka i arc elikhulu kwedama. Area Industrial sele ukuba ukuvula imveliso, kwaye into yokuqala efunekayo izakhiwo eziphathekayo. Ukumbiwa ngokoqobo liyaluma ukuya emazantsi ze lomlambo, ilungisiwe apho indawo emazantsi kwedama. Ukusebenza mountaineers industrial, bamhluba iindonga ulungelelwaniso, yiya nzulu iintaba, ukunciphisa lenyengane, drifters Brigade. Imitha kwimitha elangena imigudu iikholbethi. Ngendlela efanayo xa iliwa ngenqindi indawo enkulu emishini kunye neeyunithi HPP.

Dam ulapha - kuphela ehlabathini, ngokuba bengamazi ukwenza elide kangakanani phezu permafrost. A chain oluqhubekayo iilori waphuma Magadan, e Sinegorye bazisa ngaphezu kweetoni eziliwaka zesamente ngosuku kuphela. Le ebusika, abona kuneqabaka ezininzi eziqatha, sezibona kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Ehlotyeni akukho ndlela. Ngoko - ngokusebenzisa emigodini kwikhephu, soyise imilambo kunye nemilambo, ngokukhawuleza, ukuze bakwazi ngumkhenkce omathandathu degrees, ukukhokela ikharavani yakhe enzima (ngeetoni 170) kunye impahla rhoqo oversized. Le ntaba eweni udlula, kumathambeka mtyibilizi. Ngapha koko, ukuba bonke ngenxa injongo elikhulu enjalo! Kwaba feat.