UPytheas wafumanisa ekuhambeni kwakhe

Exoxa wayengomnye abaphandi zamandulo ulwandle Greek. Wayephila phakathi malunga 380 no 310 BC. e. Lo mhloli elizayo wazalelwa kuyo baseMassalia (ngoku isixeko French of Marseille). Ayimangalisi into yokuba ubomi bakhe kutyholwa ukuba ukuhamba kunye ezifunyaniswe.

swimming exoxa

Kulo nyaka 325 BC. e. Hellene izama waya uhambo yayo idumileyo nebalulekileyo. Yintoni wavula UPytheas, engaphandle ihlabathi ngelo xesha ukuya amaGrike. Washiya ngasemva iintsika uMofokeng - ukuphakama umqondiso, nto leyo yabakho iStrait of Gibraltar. Kanye Atlantic Ocean, iinqanawa uPytheas waya emantla. Ekubeni oomatiloshe yamandulo wavula eBritani.

Konke oko kwavula uPytheas, iye ibhalwe kwiincwadi zakhe ( "On the Ocean" yaye "Zemleopisanie"), nto leyo, ngelishwa, khange kufikelelwe thina. Noko ke, oko kuthethwa ngabaphengululi ezifana Polybius noStrabo. Le mbali ngokungabathembi obafunyanwa 'kwilizwe lasemntla. " Amarhe kunye neentsomi malunga baseBritani ziye yaqinisekiswa kuphela ngexesha Yuliya Tsezarya irhuluneli yaseRoma kwi I. BC. e. Lonke ulwazi malunga siqithi phambi elo xesha phofu wanyukela kwimibhalo uPytheas. Ngenxa kwezo ndinyana ezibonisiweyo azingqinelani siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo umhambi zafika kunxweme UK, ngoko tyelela isiqithi edume iThule yaye ekugqibeleni wabonakala phezu kunxweme loLwandle lweBaltic, apho izizwe zasekuhlaleni geni yegolide evuthiweyo anqabileyo. Yintoni wavula UPytheas, lawubetha ubungqola koogxa bakhe, ngoko abaninzi abazange bakholwe amabali akhe.

Thule island

Isiqithi edume iThule wachaza esasihamba, ekubhekiswe kuyo sincoko wakhe "On the Ocean". kuba Qinisekisa akwaziwa ke luhlobo luni umhlaba wathi uPytheas. Kamva, iThule unxulunyaniswa Iceland okanye namanye eziphantse yolwandle esemantla (Faroe, Orkney, la kwaye i Hebrides). Le ndawo ithathwa ngohlangothi iphela, ngaphaya apho abantu nje ngeke.

Abanye abaphandi, kuquka noStrabo, asolwa naseThule ukuba bonke amabali zakhe malunga kaPytheas ebubuxoki. Kodwa odumileyo Arctic Explorer Nansen, sele kwinkulungwane XX, wayekholelwa ukuba lo mhloli yamandulo yamaGrike batyelela kumanxweme zomthonyama Norway wakhe. Le nkolelo ke unelungelo lokuba khona. UPytheas uhambo bajongene nesenzeko nanto ezifana nomhla polar kunye nokukhanya ezibandayo. Ayikho into efana abemi yaseMeditera okwangoku ibonwe. Ezi imvelo uphawu ezinezinga, ngaphaya Arctic Circle. Ngoko ke, Nansen inokuba okulungileyo vekeleke kwakhe eNorway. Ngaphezu koko, phezulu ukuya kuMbindi Ages yaseScandinavia isiqithi ingqalelo (kwakunye Tula). ice onguNaphakade, nto leyo imida zendalo kweelwandle zasentla, eyamkelwa amaGrike samandulo elinye ihlabathi kunye nobukumkani kathixo Kronos.

umbutho uhambo

Yintoni wavula UPytheas, yaba ixabiso eluncedo abantu eMarseilles. Babefuna ukufumana indlela imfutshane ukuya nebhekile British kunye eBaltic yegolide evuthiweyo. Ezi mveliso ke kakhulu kuqingqo kwimarike ngezinto zakudala. Apha inempembelelo ukhuphiswano phakathi amathanga ezininzi zamaGrike kwaye yaseFenike xhaxhe kunye Black Seas. Ngoko ke, kuya kuba yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba uPytheas waye wamazwe kunye ndoda ilihlwempu. Wakhonza njengento ebalulekileyo yesizwe, echaphazelekayo impembelelo namandla ka kwelinye lamaziko zibalulekileyo lobukoloniyali.

Kakade ke, uPytheas waba nolwazi olubanzi yejografi kunye neenkwenkwezi. Wakwazi ukumisela ngama lesixeko zakowabo. izifundo zakhe yaye izibalo ezisetyenziswa zizazinzulu ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, omnye wabo yaba ngeenkwenkwezi kunye yezibalo Hipparchus laseNicea, owayephila BC ngenkulungwane II. e. Ukubala inkululeko of uPytheas kwakhona kugqiba ukuphakama ilanga emini enkulu.

Nakuba kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba ukucwangcisa uhambo olude enjalo, ulwazi ngumatiloshe yamaGrike akwanelanga. Kwafuneka ajamelane kweelana amaFenike. Zilawula iintsika uMofokeng, kwaye nokukhusela unxweme Iberia (Spain yanamhlanje), apho bangaphandle akuvumelekanga. Ngenxa yokuba imithombo zale kunye engaphelelanga kwaye ngoko ke wahlala akukacaci Pifeyu wakwazi ukoyisa le ngxaki.

France kunye nonxweme UK

Kodwa weva ukuba uchaze Celtic. Ngenxa yoko, ngamakhoboka eyaziwa ngokuba eFransi. UPytheas indlela wegqitha waya kunxweme, omiweyo Ostim. Le umphandi uchaze iBritani, nto ukuba kwisiqithi olunxantathu, kunye nokombiwa tin ngokwezizwe zasekuhlaleni. ezisekupheleni South-ntshona belizwe obabulingana eKapa, koko wathi Belerionom. Namhlanje, kuba yaseCornwall.

ulwandle lweBaltic

KwanamaGrike ukuba unxweme lweBaltic, apho uhambo yaphela uPytheas, lilizwe ngentsomi. Le Eridanus komlambo, apho amber na geni, iye ukulwenza abantu lweMeditera. Uphinde enxulumene zasendle Scythia. Ezi na ukungangqinelani phakathi imithombo kubangela ukudideka, ngenxa apho kunzima ukuqonda apho uPytheas ifikelele. AmaGrike ezifunyaniswe Geographical zibandakanya oku yiJutland lizwe. Lo mhlaba waba umda phakathi North kunye eBaltic Seas.

Tanais

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, imithombo amanani kunye umlambo Tanais, nto leyo echaza naseThule. ezifunyaniswe Geographical of ngohambo lwakhe asikwazanga kuchaphazela kulo mmandla, ngokuba ilizwi kwi amaGrike mihla ebizwa Don emaqeleni Sea Black. Le ukudideka olubangelwa yokuba amaGrike wayengazi malunga apho Scythia iphela. Kungenzeka, uPytheas ekuthiwa Tanais Elba, apho wakwazi kutyelela kuhambo yakhe kuLwandle lweBaltic. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ixabiso obafunyanwa zakhe kunzima ukuba zazi, kuba ithe- nokungeniswa nakumaGrike kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo.