Yintoni Embryology? Undincinayo inzululwazi embryology?

Biology Science kubandakanya ezahlukeneyo izihloko ezilungileyo, kuba omnye ingqeqesho nzima ukuba uhlanganise yonke iyantlukwano lokuphila baze bafunde yonke biomass ebanzi kusinika iplanethi yethu.

Wonke inzululwazi, yena, naye abe kudidi oluthile kumacandelo ajongene nesigqibo naziphi na iingxaki. Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo ephantsi kolawulo rhoqo umntu yaziwa kubo, xa kuthelekiswa, wafunda waza wasebenzisa iimfuno zabo.

Enye yezi khosi embryology, nto leyo yaye iya kuqhubeka kuyo.

Embryology - wenzululwazi yebhayoloji

Yintoni Embryology? Oko kwenza yaye yintoni izifundo? Embryology - isayensi liphonononga inxalenye esiphilayo ukususela lokusekwa elilodwa (iqanda) kunye umjikelo ubomi ekuzalweni. Loo nto yonke inkqubo ukufunda uphuhliso osandul iinkcukacha, ukusukela cleavage ezininzi iiseli aqhamileyo (isigaba gastrula) kwaye phambi kokuzalwa umzimba ogqityiweyo.

Injongo kunye nomxholo yokufunda

Injongo yale nesayensi iimbumba (imibungu) kwezi eziphilayo zilandelayo:

1. Plants.
2. Izilwanyana.
3. Person.

Le ndaba nasekufundweni embryology ukuba ezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

1. division lweseli emva kokukhulelwa.
2. Ukwenziwa ezintathu ungqameko lwegciwane le umbungu elizayo.
3. ukuqanda Education coelomic.
4. Formation of umbungu macala elizayo.
5. Imbonakalo Iqokobhe ngeenxa ndiseyimbumba, ukuthatha inxaxheba nokubunjwa kwayo.
6. Abasemagunyeni kwezemfundo kunye neenkqubo zabo.

Ukuba ujonga into kunye nomxholo yokufunda kwale nzululwazi, kuya kuba kucacile ukuba embryology nento eyenzayo.

Iinjongo Iinjongo

Eyona njongo ephambili ukuba ubeka peredsoboy le inzululwazi - ukunika iimpendulo kwimibuzo malunga ukuvela ngayo ubomi emhlabeni, njani na ukuyilwa kwento ephilayo multicellular, njani na imithetho yendalo ephilayo zixhomekeke zonke iinkqubo lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa ndingekazalwa, kwakunye noko factors njani ukuchaphazela lokhu.

Ukuze bafeze injongo inzululwazi embryology le misebenzi ilandelayo:

1. Uphando olunzulu lweenkqubo progeneza (ukubunjwa gametes inkunzi nemazi - oogenesis kunye spermatogenesis).
2. Uviwo lwe ezisebenza ukubunjwa ngakumbi elilodwa umbungu ukubunjwa kude kube mzuzu iphumile ngaphandle (i hatching lamaqanda, amaqanda okanye ukuzalwa ukukhanya).
3. Ufundo umjikelo opheleleyo lweeseli kwinqanaba eziphilayo, esebenzisa ophezulu-resolution izixhobo zale mihla.
4. Examination kunye Uthelekiso indlela iiseli kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo kwaye zophendlo lwezifo ukuze ufumane inkcazelo ebalulekileyo amayeza.

Ekusombululeni ingxaki ngasentla kunye ekuphumezeni injongo, inzululwazi embryology uya kukwazi ukuba uluntu phambili ekuqondeni yemithetho yendalo zehlabathi zomgquba, kwakunye ukufumana izisombululo kwiingxaki ezininzi amayeza, xa ezinxulumene ingakumbi ubudlolo kwakunye osikwa yinimba.

History of uphuhliso

Uphuhliso embryology njenge inzululwazi, ucanda ngendlela entsonkothileyo olunameva. Yonke le nto yaqala oosonzululwazi ezimbini ezinkulu zobulumko lonke ixesha - Aristotle noHippocrates. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba embryology ke abachasene izimvo omnye komnye.

Ngokomzekelo, noHippocrates waba lweli ithiyori, owayekho ixesha elide, de ngenkulungwane XVII. Yayibizwa ngokuba "preformation" kwaye umongo wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Yonke into ephilayo yanda ubukhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha, kodwa aluyiyo ngaphakathi naziphi na izakhiwo ezitsha kunye namaziko. Ngenxa yokuba zonke izidumbu sele ifomu agqitywa, kodwa kakhulu zancitshiswa, kukhona yeliduna, nokuba yelithokazi iseli (apha, abaxhasi, le thiyori ngqo kuchaziwe izimvo zabo: abanye babecinga ukuba zonke efanayo nemazi, enye inkunzi endlwaneni). Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba umbungu ekhula nje zonke izidumbu ukulungele ifunyenwe uyise nokuba ngunina.

Kwakhona bathini kamva le ngcamango yaba Sharl Bonne, Marcello Malpighi, kunye nabanye.

Aristotle, phezu koko, kwakukho iqela le ngcamango preformation nomxhasi kwethiyori epigenetic. Umongo ngayo yile: zonke imizimba nezinto noshowo eziphilayo kwakheka ngaphakathi ndiseyimbumba ngokuthe ophilileyo, phantsi kwempembelelo iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi. Abaxhasi lo mbono baye abaphengululi ezininzi Renaissance, ikhokelwa ngu Georges Buffon, Karlom Berom.

Eneneni embryology njenge inzululwazi kwavela ngenkulungwane XVIII. Kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho uthotho obafunyanwa brilliant, leyo ukuba ukuhlalutya aze ashwankathele izinto ababeyiqwebile ukudibanisa ube ingcamango ecacileyo.

1. 1759 K. Wolff uchaza ubukho kunye nokusekwa ngexesha kuphuhliso osandul ezi zoleko chicken yintsholongwane, nto leyo ke kunokubangela izakhiwo ezitsha kunye namaqumrhu.
2. 1827 Carl Baer ivula ezanyisayo zamaqanda. Waphinda wapapasha umsebenzi wakhe, nto leyo ichaza ukwakheka ngokuthe ngcembe lamanqanaba lwegciwane, kunye abasemagunyeni kule nkqubo yophuhliso yeentaka.
3. Carl Baer ityhila ezifanayo kulwakhiwo osandul zeentaka, ezirhubuluzayo ezanyisayo, nto leyo evumela ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo malunga ubunye imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo, ngokunjalo ukuchaza amalungelo abo (Baer): Uphuhliso eziphilayo ezivela kwi jikelele ukuya ethile. Oko kukuthi, ekuqaleni onke amaqela ayafana, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo, uhlobo okanye udidi. Kwaye kuphela ngokuhamba kwexesha kukho specializations ngamnye izidalwa.

Emveni kwezi zinto neenkcazelo uqeqesho kuyaqala ukuba kuzuze amandla kuphuhliso. embryology kwakheka ezinomqolo nee izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nabantu.

embryology lwangoku

Ngelo langoku inqanaba lophuhliso kowona msebenzi embryology ubona ukutyhila kakuhle iindlela iseli umahluko phakathi eziphilayo multicellular, ukubonakalisa iimpawu nefuthe wezenzi ezahlukeneyo kuphuhliso lo mbungu. Kwakhona ingqalelo enkulu ihlawulwe ekufundweni ezisebenza iimeko zophendlo lwezifo kunye nefuthe lazo kuphuhliso mbungu.

Impumelelo bezenzululwazi, yenze ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi kukuxelela umba oko embryology, zezi zilandelayo:

1. DP Filatov wachaza indlela yempembelelo ofanayo kwezakhiwo cellular nxamnye enye kwenye kwinkqubo yophuhliso osandul, idatha enxulumene embryology kunye nezinto ithiyori ye kwemvelo.
2. Severtsev yaqulunqa imfundiso recapitulation, eli leyo kukuba ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
3. P. P. ivanov wadala imfundiso ziziqendwana zomzimba mibungu kwi protostomes izilwanyana.
4. Svetlov ngokuqulunqa imigaqo kukhanyisa, amaxesha amaninzi entsonkothileyo ebalulekileyo embryogenesis.

Kule embryology mihla akayeki kwaye iyaqhubeka ukuba baphonononge kwaye uthola iipateni ezintsha kunye ezisebenza neziseko cell cytogenetic.

Unxibelelwano kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi

kakhulu Isisekelo Embryology ezinxulumene nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Ngapha koko, kuphela ukusetyenziswa ezihlangeneyo iinkcukacha theoretical zonke iinkalo encedisayo ikuvumela ukuba ukufumana iziphumo ezixabisekileyo yaye benze izigqibo ezibalulekileyo.

Kunye nenzululwazi zilandelayo embryology ngokusondeleyo:

• histology;
• cytology;
• genetics;
• eziphilayo;
• ezinto eziphilayo;
• komzimba;
• zomzimba;
• amayeza.

Ezi Embryology isiseko ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezi inzululwazi, kunye vice versa. Oko kukuthi, ndlela-ezimbini zonxibelelwano, efanayo.

amacandelo Classification embryology

Embryology - isayensi ufunda nje ukuyilwa umbungu, kodwa ukubhukmakha zonke iziseko zayo kunye nefomu yayo zangaphambili imvelaphi iiseli lwegciwane. Ukongeza, imihlaba isifundo wayo ibandakanyiwe, kwaye imiba physico-chemical echaphazela olungekazalwa. Ngoko ke, umthamo omkhulu ithiyori ezinjalo izinto zivumelekile ukwenza amacandelo eziliqela yale isayensi:

1. embryology jikelele.
2. Zovavanyo.
3. Uthelekiso.
4. Environmental.
5. zebhayoloji Developmental.

Iindlela efunda ngesayensi

Xa embryology, njengoko kwezinye zenzululwazi, uye iindlela zayo ndifunda imiba eyahlukeneyo.

1. Microscopy (electronic, ukukhanya).
2. ezimibalabala izakhiwo indlela.
3. esweni Intravital (tracking of iintshukumo morphogenetic).
4. histochemistry Application.
5. Intshayelelo of radioisotopes.
6. iindlela nemvelo.
7. Iinxalenye asike bemveku.

Ufundo umbungu

embryology kwabantu ngomnye macandelo ibalulekileyo yale inzululwazi, kuba ebulela abantu abaninzi iziphumo zophando balo ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi zempilo.

Yintoni kanye ukufunda uqeqesho?

1. Isigaba-ingxenye inkqubo ukuyilwa umntu, nto leyo iquka izigaba ezininzi eziphambili - lityumza, gastrulation, histogenesis kunye organogenesis.
2. Formation of ezimbi ezahlukeneyo ngexesha embryogenesis kunye noonobangela bazo.
3. Isiphumo izinto eziphathekayo kunye kwemichiza umbungu yabantu.
4. Amathuba ekudaleni iimeko ngumntu ukuze nucleation kunye nokwaziswa arhente imichiza ukugcina osabela ngayo.

ukubaluleka isayensi

Embryology unika ithuba lokufunda ezi mpawu wesiseko imibungu, ezifana:

• ngokoMthetho kwamaziko emfundo kunye neenkqubo zawo zokuthathela kuwo layers lwegciwane;
• ezona zinto ebaluleke ontogeny bemveku;
• ezichaphazela nokudaleka nendlela yokulawula ngayo iimfuno umntu.

Uphando lwakhe ngokudibene data evela nezinye izifundo zesayensi kuvumela abantu ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kwesicwangciso zonyango lwezilwanyana jikelele.

Indima uqeqesho abantu

Yintoni embryology abantu? Into enika kuye? Kutheni ufuna uphuhliso kunye nokufunda kwakhe?

Okokuqala, izifundo embryology kwaye ivumela ukuba ukusombulula iingxaki zale mihla ukuchumisa ukubunjwa nuclei. Namhlanje, ke ngoko, sisungule iindlela amadlozi ngesirinji, surrogacy, njalo-njalo.

Okwesibini, iindlela embryology ukuvumela ukuqikelela zonke mgaqweni yosana olungekazalwa kunokwenzeka nokuthintela kubo.

Okwesithathu, embryologists nga nokugunyazisa ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo amanyathelo azizithintelo kwesisu nokukhulelwa ethunjini, kwaye basebenzise ulawulo phezu ukhulelwe.

Yinto zonke iingenelo kuxoxwe nempatho abantu. It is a inzululwazi olukhula ngokukhawuleza, ogama eziseza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo.