YaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19: imephu, inkcubeko kunye noqoqosho zeli lizwe. Yintoni yaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19?

YaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19, ukuba ithanga ingxilimbela of England omncinane, bengafuni ukuthobela inkqubo entsonkothileyo yaye ziphikisana Europeanization njengoko impumelelo kunye neenzuzo impucuko yaseNtshona athatha embi ingcambu kulo mhlaba, njengoko, ngethamsanqa, yaye phantse zonke iziphene. I AmaNdiya akazange athathe imiyalelo ezintsha, njengoko ethandekayo kakhulu kwinkcubeko yakhe enkulu kunye nendlela yokuphila.

ukoyisa

The British baba Musa ukungxama - phantse ikhulu leminyaka ukuba abasa yaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19, ngokupheleleyo evinjwa ukuzimela karhulumente. Noko ke, ngenkankulu eNgilani ubunzima ilahleko njengoko kuloyiso lizwe lwenziwa sepoys izandla - amajoni Indian kwinkonzo ye-British.

Eyokugqibela wanika i Punjab - urhulumente okudalwe omkhulu Maharaja (ePrince) Singh. Nangona Maharaj uyaphila, kwema ngokuqinileyo, nangokufa kwakhe ngo-1837, abasemagunyeni wasilela ukwenza izandla olomeleleyo. State yaphela baba lixhoba lula kakhulu ukuba British. ulawulo feudal kude esembindini kumntu wonke, kwaye siyazi ukuba yaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19. Imephu ebonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba mkhulu ukuqhekezwa eli lizwe.

Impendulo yaba amazwe mvukelo, eyathatha iminyaka emibini (1857-1859), yaye emva koko ifunyanwe ngokupheleleyo amaNgesi oluphucukileyo - ngokoqobo abantu antywiliselwe igazi. Kwakhona, kwadlula phantse nenkulungwane inkululeko. Ngaphezu koko, India ngenkulungwane ye-19, emva kokuba kwezithandani le mvukelo okhethiweyo iindlela zoxolo omzabalazo, leyo nanto kwimbali yale mihla.

iimpawu ukoyisa

YaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19, njengayo nayiphi na ilizwe, nokuba ukwazi ukoyisa yaseBritani. Noko ke, sonke kufuneka aziqhelanise, kwaye ebomini loluntu nolwezoqoqosho a ezweni entsha. Kanye njengokuba ngokusemthethweni babe IsiNgesi okanye isiManchu - Chinese, ababeqala yaba yinxalenye yabantu Indiya.

I-British angaboyisi bahluke kakhulu bonke zangaphambili. Phakathi kwabo kunye nemimandla ndiloyisile yaba ihlabathi yokwenene mahluko - njengoko nenkcubeko yase-Indiya ngenkulungwane ye-19 ezahlukeneyo ukusuka inkcubeko eNgilani, yaye indlela yobomi, imilinganiselo, izithethe kunye nemikhwa.

bendawo baseBritani esidelile ngokuphandle, akazange kungena kwihlabathi elitsha, yaye akazange avumele amaNdiya e yakhe. Nkqu elula kumafama kunye nabasebenzi, ukuhlala e-India, ziye zichongwe iklasi ephezulu sigqibo. Akukho, intiyo kuphela efanayo.

I-British wazisa nabo ntshona ifomu ulawulo capitalism kunye karhulumente. Kwimeko yokuqala - inkululeko ukusebenza kwi yesibini - ulawulo oozilawuli ezincinane feudal phantsi kolawulo imicimbi yayo lobukoloniyali.

ukuphanga koloni

YaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaba uhlobo, kodwa kwilizwe esisityebi kakhulu. Treasure Indian Raja flow rhoqo uqubha eNgilani. Kelelo ngendlela engaqondakaliyo - oku caloric ukubunjwa ekuqeqesheni ye revolution mveliso eNgilani.

Initial ngqo amaxhoba bobukoloniyali ngokuthe ngcembe esemthethweni: i-East India Company kubhunyula lizwe ukuya irhafu esikhumbeni. India ukususela kumaxesha amandulo wasebenza kunye nehlabathi, ngoku ke iimpahla Indian eYurophu akazange, kodwa ukusuka British - ezishelifini Indian zinambuzane. Ngenxa yoko, ishishini eyolukiweyo lonke eli lizwe ufikile engento, amagcisa kuzo umsebenzi.

uqoqosho-Indiya kwinkulungwane ye-19 kukuba abantu ababehlala yayisecicini yokutshabalala. Amawaka kunye amawaka amaNdiya bafa yindlala, oko banesifo ze irhuluneli yathi: "Le amathambo zonke nabaluki uphosa ezinkqantsoni India ..." Iqula-ntle eNgilani, ngokuchuma kwinkulungwane ye-19 - iyonke kwesiphumo ngokuphanga abantu India.

kwango ethandwayo

LweMbandezelo inginginya India nande kungekuphela kuxhatshazo nobundlobongela. unya ngendelelo of British ngokunxulumene basekuhlaleni ngaphaya isixa loluntu. Xa waya ukulungiselela unyango nogonyamelo olwenziwa amaHindu namaSilamsi ukuba ukholo lwamaKristu, ukunganeliseki nabanqobi uye wenyuka kakhulu.

Ngoku ubutshaba Lalingasetyenziswa kuphela nabaluki amahlwempu, kodwa inkoliso yabantu basebukhosini wengingqi ezibuswa, leyo uqal ngokubonakalayo amalungelo urhulumente bobukoloniyali kunye yathotyelwa kwimeko ukuphanga ngokugqithiseleyo. Sepoys - umkhosi Indian kwinkonzo ye-British - Wavukela ngoMeyi 1857 ukubulawa kwamagosa British waza wayithimba Delhi.

Yaqala phantsi ke into mvukelo ethandwayo obujikeleze ilizwe lonke North kunye inxalenye olunzulu Central India. IsiNgesi kweminyaka emibini kuphela kamva ebunzimeni wabeka phantsi le mvukelo. Wobukhosi India akazange akwazi ukuba agoduke uloyiso ukusuka nkulu eNgilani. Wehlisa ilizwe eyoyikekayo: inani elikhulu labantu batyakatywa kunye shot. imithi inxiba yonke indawo emthini olungiselelwe oko. Iilali utshiswe, kunye nabemi bayo bonke. Emveni kwezi ntlekele, ubudlelwane phakathi India ne England nekungenakwenzeka ukuba kuze mafu esibhakabhakeni.

uphuhliso loqoqosho

India kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ukuba eNgilani kwiimarike kunye nemithombo yezinto market ekrwada. impahla Kugqityiwe ethengwe India mncane ukuba akukho ekubalulekileyo ukuzikhankanya, yaye bonke ubunewunewu ngaphezu imfuneko. Kodwa kuthunyelwe ngokupheleleyo: ingqolowa, irayisi, umqhaphu, jute, iti, indigo. Ingeniswe njenge: impahla, iimveliso ezenziwe isilika, uboya neemfele, petroleum, iglasi, elithelekiseka nalo kwaye abe, uluhlu olude.

Eyona mpumelelo ye-British in India - ukungeniswa equity. Mboleko enikwe phantsi umdla draconian. Ngaloo ndlela iye uxhaswa imizamo kuloyiso kumazwe angabamelwane, afana Afghanistan. Kuthengwa ezi-mboleko, Kakade, Sivikivekile kwaye belambile Indian nabalimi.

ongxowankulu British imali ekusetyenzweni lasekuhlaleni zemathiriyeli ekrwada ukwakhiwa iziporo, ishishini jute kweli kumasimi yeti, ikofu, ummoba, irabha.

Noko ke, ulimo ungenamandla ukuze eli lizwe nkqu kusidla. Nendlala, nobhubhani recurred phantse ngonyaka. Ngokomzekelo, ukususela 1851 ukuya 1900 uthixo ukulamba, apho kufa kwindawo yonke ebhalwe izihlandlo ezingama-24. Owenza kule kuphela lwamaNgesi, abaqeshisi kunye egciniswe - "bamaZwe elimdaka", abantu njengoko wababiza.

Indian imvuselelo

iimfazwe Endless nokwandiswa yobukoloniyali phantse babulala Indian inkcubeko enkulu: kwafika ukwehla izakhiwo, epeyinta, bonke ubugcisa bezandla bonke. Ndimele ndithi ukuba IsiNgesi aphelele ayamkelwa kwaye musa baqonde ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko Indiya, ngoko, engaganwanga kwi ukwanda kwinqanaba layo. Lokunakekela of British India (1947), phantse alithoba ekhulwini abantu ababehlala abangafundanga kwaphela.

Noko ke, amasiko zesizwe, njengoko le ngoma: "Musa kuhlutha; ungabulali." Yaba yaseIndiya ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ukuza wadibana Western, inkcubeko Indiya yaqalisa inguqu enkulu. Oku kuye ngakumbi ngayo unqulo.

utitshala omkhulu

Uyise Indiya mihla, njengoko kubiza bakowabo, Ram Mohan Roy, a wenguquko nakumaGrikekazi sekuhleni, isiqalo kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, wayengunyana ka a Brahmin. Oku kuthetha ukuba sichitha bonke ubomi bakhe 'ukuba ezulwini "- ngoxolo, uvuyo nolonwabo. Kodwa ingxoxo olumnandi, kunye noothixo yena phantsi emhlabeni weza - ukuhlwayela imbewu yolwazi ukuthatha unonophelo iintsholongwane iimvakalelo, ngamagama alowo Rabindranath isiXhobo soQhagamshelwano-.