YaMandulo bokwakha yamaRoma: ubungangamsha engqongqo

ERoma yamandulo ngobambana hayi kuphela imbali yayo emkhosini. Ukuze kwimbali ngaphezu kwewaka ngonyaka-ka kwinzala amaRoma enikiweyo sikhokelo esemthethweni omhle, wazibeka iziseko comedy kunye uvuthondaba, ubugcisa buciko. Kodwa ke uninzi bonke babubone namhlanje ilifa enkcubeko kunye nobunjineli ukuba eyashiya sesakhiwo eRoma yamandulo. Xa uphuhliso lolwakhiwo nobunjineli yaMandulo uBukhosi baseRoma yahlulwe izihlandlo ezithathu eziphambili: Republican, Imperial kunye nexesha le Principate iinkosi.

ERoma yaMandulo: republic ixesha ngezakhiwo (mid VI - yee I BC leminyaka.)

Ukuba ufuna igama elinye ukuchaza eli xesha, baya kuba "eziphathekayo." Kwathiwa ke yasungulwa sisincoko ekhethekileyo equka elirhabaxa, mlilo, ikalika namatye asendle. Eziphathekayo iye yaba impumelelo ithuba lokwakha iintlobo ezikhethekileyo izakhiwo - eziphakamileyo, nto leyo kwelo xesha imbali zaye luphawulwa kuphela yamaRoma Republic. Kunye ne ikhonkrithi kusetyenziswa tuff, yezitena naziiperile.

Yamandulo izakhiwo namaRoma xesha luphawulwa iintlobo ezimbini kwezakhiwo - peripter (uxande) kunye rotunda (isakhiwo ngeenxa-ezimile). Kuyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo abasetyenziswa odolo ezine - Doric, Ionic, aseKorinte kunye Tuscan. Ngoncedo lwabo, yezikhumbuzo classical kwakhiwa - basil uKesare, endlwini UVesta, i-Forum entsha, iTempile Venus. Kukho ke isiko nihombisa iindawo zoluntu kunye eqingqiweyo omkhulu, ekwenzeni leyo iphenjelelwa Greece.

Yamandulo izakhiwo Roman kwexesha republic sibangele ukuba ukwakhiwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela omkhulu, iibhlorho omkhulu, kakade, imisele (imibhobho yamanzi). Ukongeza, wayila ngekonkriti ukuba ukuquka Iingqameko lomculo lobunjineli, nasemagumbini uphahla, kwakunye kumba kwelo xesha imbali kuphela kweRoma izakhiwo ezinemigangatho.

ixesha Imperial - ke ukuba ngexesha le ingcinga bokwakha classical (I BC ngenkulungwane -. II AD.)

Ilifinyeze monumentality kudityaniswe intlala - oko luphawulwa sesakhiwo eRoma yamandulo xesha. Qala oko, yaye ngokusisiseko bonke uBukhosi baseRoma, wabeka omkhulu Oktavian Avgust. Kwaba phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe iinkqubo zobunjineli izitena kwindawo ngaphandle yesibini. Yenza iqonga elitsha, i perile leyo iba itempile Mars kumphindezeli, itempile Apollo, Theatre of Marcellus. obangela yezakhiwo New nto yandincedayo ngulo esekelwe phezu iindonga izakhiwo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu namatye axabisekileyo negolide uhombiso elingaphakathi.

Ukanti kwindawo ephambili kweli thuba uphuhliso lwezakhiwo basonta Flavian Dynasty kunye noMlawuli uTrajan. ixesha lokulawula kwabo iyakhiwa koothixo ( "indlu bonke oothixo") kunye Colosseum - uphawu lokwenyaniso of Italy owayephila. Xa wasebenzisa yinxalenye yokwakhiwa nakwiingqameko loloyiso - isiko lisebenziswa namhlanje.

Luphawulwa Roma nococeko kakhulu ukudala izakhiwo ezizodwa - ngokoMthetho. Iingcali zokwakha ziye zaphuhliswa ukuze thermoregulation amaqula amaRoma lwaqhutywa kwi phantsi neendonga, kunye nokwenza lo mgaqo "umgangatho efudumeleyo".

ERoma yaMandulo: ixesha ngezakhiwo principate dominative kwaye (III i - ukuwa Empire.).

Eli xesha ebalasele utshintsho esikhawulezileyo esivela ubuhedeni kubuKristu. I koMlawuli uConstantine ngowama-313 wazisa inguqu esemthethweni unqulo entsha mnye uThixo, nto leyo iboniswa kuphela kubomi yentlalo nenkcubeko. Yamandulo izakhiwo namaRoma xesha ephawuleka zokwakha enkulu nebheyizile - iicawa esemthethweni zamaKristu. Anciphisa yemveli technology Roman ukwakha izakhiwo zonqulo, zidibene izakhi yaseMpuma.

Ukubonakalisa ukuhlaselwa bakhona, bamaRoma kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwakha iindonga engamandla omzimba, umzekelo ephawulekayo leyo yaba Iindonga Aurelian. Ngelishwa ke, musa usisindisile kukuwa ubukhosi enkulu, kodwa iteknoloji asetyenziswe ekwakheni zabo, kwaye kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Indawo yakade izakhiwo waseRoma yaye owuthanda abantu abaqhelekileyo nje kuphela kodwa uphefumlela iingcali. Izakhiwo kunye nezinye izakhelo bukhosi bagwayimbile kwimigca zabo nabubufutshane kwaye iphelele ncam. Wakheke namawaka amabini eminyaka eyadlulayo, imigaqo zokwakha izakhiwo eziphambili ngokwemfundo kwanancedisayo uvumelane ngokuphelele kwizifundo zobunjineli mihla. Ezikhumbuzo bokwakha eseleyo ukubonisa umoya mihla le Empire oyinyaniso.