Icandelo lezemfundo elisemgangathweni loqoqosho: inkcazelo, amashishini kunye namaqiniso anomdla

Siye saqhelana neengcinga ezifana nezolimo, imboni kunye neenkonzo. Kodwa kutheni sifunde nabo kwinqaku lethu? Ngoko kulula ukuba imodeli yesithathu. Yaveliswa emva ngo-1935-1949. Icandelo lezemfundo eliphezulu libandakanya oko sithethayo ngolu hlobo lweenkonzo. Ngokuxhomekeke kuloluphi uhlobo oluphambili kwisicwangciso sokuvelisa, unokumisela isigaba sokuphuhlisa uluntu.

Okwangoku, ngaphandle kwamacandelo eprayimari, asekondari nakwimfundo ephakamileyo echongwa nguFisher, Clarke noFourast, i-Quaternary ikwaqwalaselwa kwakhona-imveliso yeli nqanaba lamanje, ubizwa ngokuba nguqoqosho lolwazi.

I ngcamango

Iingcamango zamacandelo, okanye utshintsho lwezakhiwo, lwaphuhliswa kuma-1930 no-1940 ngo-Alan Fisher, uColin Clarke noJean Furaste. Oososayensi bahlula uqoqosho kumacandelo amathathu omsebenzi:

• EziPrayimari . Injongo yaso ephambili yokusebenza yinkcitho yezinto ezibonakalayo. Iquka ezolimo. Kwakhona, icandelo eliphambili ziintlobo zoshishino. Phakathi kwazo iintlanzi, ukumbiwa kwemayini kunye namahlathi.
• ISekondari ibandakanya yonke imveliso yoshishino kunye nokwakhiwa kweshishini.
• Icandelo lezemfundo loqoqosho liyinqanaba lemisebenzi, imfundo kunye nokukhenketho.

Ngokutsho kwengcamango kaFisher-Clark yeenguqu zenkqubela, ngokuphuhliswa koluntu, ukugxilwa kwezinto ezisuka kwicandelo eliphambili ukuya kwicandelo lesibini, kuze kube kwicandelo lesithathu. Iingcali zenzululwazi zikholelwa ukuba oku kungenxa yokutshintsha kwimeko yemfuno yabathengi. Ngokunyuka kwenyanga engenayo, imfuno yemveliso yezolimo iyancipha, kwimveliso yezoshishino - ukwanda kokuqala, kwaye iqala ukuwa, kodwa iinkonzo-zihlala ziqhubeka. Ngako oko, akumangalisi ukuba kumazwe acebileyo icandelo eliphambili liziko lemfundo ephakamileyo.

UClak uhlukanise izigaba ezintathu zokuphuhliswa kwamazwe. Iyokuqala igrarian. Ngalo, umkhiqizo ukhula ngokukhawuleza. I sibini yoshishino. Inxulumene nokuphuhliswa kwecandelo lesibini kunye nokuphumelela kwenkqubela ekukhuleni. Isigaba sesithathu sisekelwe kwi-sector yesebe. Kwakuye yena uFourieres edibanisa iphupha lokuphuphuma ngokutsha kwemfundo nenkcubeko, ukuhlaziywa koluntu kunye nokulwa neendlala.

Ziziphi iikhampani ezikwimigangatho ephakamileyo yezoqoqosho?

Iquka loo mi sebenzi apho abantu basebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukuze kuphuculwe umkhiqizo, ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuzinzeka nokuzinza komsebenzi. Amasebe akha i-tertiary sector yezoqoqosho ayinikezeli umveliso, kodwa anikezela ngeenkonzo. Bandakanyeka kwimveliso engabonakaliyo. Isakhiwo secandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo elisetyenziswe ukubandakanya ukucwangciswa kolwazi, kodwa ngoku yonke imisebenzi kunye nedatha iyaqwalaselwa ngokwahlukileyo. Oku kubangelwa ukuvela kweengcamango zolwazi lwezoqoqosho. Inqanaba elitsha ekuphuhliseni uluntu lwentlanga. Ngoko ke, ukuveliswa kolwazi ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa kwicandelo le-Quaternary.

Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zezoqoqosho aziboni ukuba kuyimfuneko ukunyanzelisa yonke into kwaye isebenzise imodeli eqhelekileyo yeFisher-Clark. Icandelo leziko lemfundo libandakanya ukubonelelwa ngeenkonzo ezingengomashishini kuphela, kodwa nakubasebenzisi bokugqibela. Oku kunokufana nokuthutha kweempahla ezivela kumenzi kumthengi, kunye nokulwa nezilwanyana okanye inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokuzonwabisa. Kwinkqubo yokubonelela ngeenkonzo, kukho ukutshintshwa kwezinto kwimpahla, njengoko kwishishini lokutyela. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso lusekhona ekusebenzisaneni nabantu kunye neenkonzo zabo.

Iingxaki ezichazayo

Ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuqonda apho iiphelo zesekondari kunye necandelo lezemfundo ephezulu liqala. Ngamanye amaxesha amapolisa, amajoni, urhulumente ngokwawo, imibutho yokuncedisa nayo ihanjiswe kulo mva. Ngoko ke, iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuhlaziya zaveliswa kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ziyakuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba imveliso ibonakala okanye ayikho. Enye inkqubo enjalo yi-International Standard Classification Industries eyenziwe yiZizwe eziManyeneyo.

Inkcazo yenkqubela phambili

Kule minyaka eyikhulu edluleyo, icandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo lemfundo liye laba likhulu kwiindawo eziphuhlisiweyo zehlabathi. Baye bahlala emva kwendawo. Amacandelo aseprayimari nesekondari alahlekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwiindawo zabo. Iziqendu ezine eziziimpawu ezintathu zokuphuhliswa kwamazwe. Kwimibutho yangaphambi kwezezimboni 70% abantu baqeshwe kwicandelo eliphambili, i-20% - kwicandelo lesibini, i-10% - kwicandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo. Emva koko kuza isigaba sesibini. UFuraste wabiza ngezoshishino.

Kule nqanaba kwicandelo eliphambili, malunga ne-40% yabantu baqashiweyo, kwicandelo lesibini-40%, kwiziko lesithathu-kwi-20%. Inxulumene nokuzenzekela ngokuzenzekelayo kwemveliso. Oku kubangela ukuba ukubaluleka kwecandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo loqoqosho lukhula. Kwi-post-industrial industry, i-70% yabemi basekuhlaleni baqeshwe kuyo, ngelixa kwicandelo eliphambili li-10% kuphela, kwicandelo lesibini le-20%. Ezinye izazinzulu zanamhlanje ziyabona izigaba ezimbini zokuphuhliswa ezinxulumene nokwabiwa kwamacandelo e-quaternary kunye neentente.

Namhlanje, icandelo leenkonzo kumazwe athuthukile liphuhlisa kakhulu. Iqeshwe kuyo idla ngokufumana abasebenzi abangaphezulu kwezoqoqosho. Ukutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ukugxila kwezolimo kunye namashishini okucoca kwishishini, kwaye ke kwicandelo leenkonzo liqhelekileyo kuwo onke amazwe. Owokuqala ukujoyina lo mkhwa yi-United Kingdom. Isantya apho amazwe ahlala khona emva kwexesha, ukuhamba kwexesha kwanda kuphela. Ihlabathi liyatshintsha iminyaka embalwa ngokukhawuleza kunaphambili ngaphambili.

Iingxaki zecandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo

Iinkampani ezijongene nokubonelelwa kweenkonzo zihlala zijamelana neengxaki ezingaziwa kubavelisi bempahla. Iyiphi icandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo? Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukuveliswa okungabonakaliyo. Nabathengi banzima ukuqonda oko baya kuzuza, kwaye kuya kuba yintoni indleko. Iinkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zokubonisana azinikezeli naziphi na iziqinisekiso zomgangatho wabo womsebenzi, kodwa zifuna ukuhlawulwa kwayo. Nantsi into incike kwizakhono namava abantu.

Imirhumo yabasebenzi abandakanyekayo ekunikezeni iinkonzo ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeendleko zayo. Kwaye apha iinkampani zecandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo azinakukwazi ukuzisindisa. Abavelisi bangasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha, ukulula, uqoqosho lwezinga lokunciphisa iindleko. Kodwa inkampani enika iinkonzo, inyanzelekile ukuba iphakame amaxabiso ukwenzela ukuphucula umgangatho wabo. Enye ingxaki ukuhlukaniswa kwemveliso. Ungakhetha njani phakathi kokubonisana namafemu? Ekubonweni kokuqala kubonakala ukuba banikeza iinkonzo ezifanayo. Ngoko ke, ukugqithisa ixabiso lisoloko liphela kuphela iifemu ezihlonitshwayo ezibonakalayo kwaye zifanelwe ukuba ziqaphele.

U mzekelo

Kulula ukuqonda ukuba kuyintoni na ukuba sicinga ngamacandelo enxalenye yecandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo. Phakathi kwazo:

• Udidi lo lonwabo.
• Urhulumente.
• ZoThutho.
• Ihotele kunye nevenkile yokutyela
• ZoKhenketho.
• Iindaba zokuzonwabisa.
• Unonophelo lwempilo.
• Te knoloji yoLwazi.
• Ulawulo lwenkunkuma.
• Ukubonisana.
• UkuGembula.
• Ukuthengiswa kunye nokuthengisa.
• Ukuchithwa.
• Ukusebenza kunye neendawo zangaphandle.
• Imfundo nabanye.

Iinkonzo zezezimali ziquka ibhanki, i-inshorensi nokulawula utyalo-mali I-accounting-accounting, yomthetho kunye noncedo lolawulo lwezoshishino.

Uluhlu lweMerika ngobukhulu becandelo leenkonzo

Ukulinganisa ubungakanani beklasi lemfundo ephakamileyo lisivumela ukuba sibone isigaba sokuphuhlisa uluntu. Cinga uludwe lwamanye amazwe kwigalelo leenkonzo zabo kwicandelo lomhlaba wonke. Eyokuqala iMelika. Ngo-2015, indleko zeenkonzo ezibonelelwe ziyi-14.083 yezigidigidi zamaRandi. Ngaloo ndlela, i-US iyindawo ephakamileyo ephakamileyo. Kwindawo yesibini yiYurophu Yomanyano. Ngo-2015, amazwe afakwe kuwo, ahlanganisane neenkonzo ngexabiso le-13.483 trillion yase-US. Endaweni yesithathu yiChina. Iindleko zecandelo lezemfundo ephakamileyo ngo-2015 laliyi-5.20 yezigidigidi zamaRandi. Kwesine-Japan. Igalelo lecandelo leenkonzo kwi-GDP yelizwe lilinganiselwa kuma-3,078 ayizigidigidi zamaRandi ngo-2015. Ngesihlanu - eBrazil. Kuyo, ngo-2015, iinkonzo zanikezelwa kwisixa se-1.340 trillion.

KwiRussia Federation

Icandelo lephakamileyo lezomnotho waseRashiya ngo-2015 lalikwindawo yeshumi elinesihlanu kwihlabathi ngobukhulu. Igalelo lakhe kwi-GDP yelizwe lifikelela kuma-dollar ayi-720 yezigidi. Iqesha i-58.1% yabemi bezoqoqosho. Oku kuthetha ukuba ilizwe alikakho okwenziwa kwezithuba zoshishino.

Kwizolimo, i-9% yabemi, kwicandelo - 32.9%. Nangona kunjalo, icandelo lezemfundo elisezantsi lijongene nenxalenye enkulu yemveliso yasekhaya yaseRussia. Phantse i-58.6% ye-GDP yenziwa kuyo. Igalelo lezolimo kwimveliso yasekhaya yaseRussia yi-3.9%, imboni - 37.5%.

Uqoqosho lolwazi

Kwinqanaba le-Quaternary loqoqosho, abanye abaqoqosho bezoqoqosho banamhlanje banqwenela ukwabela imisebenzi ehambelana nokudala, ukufumana kunye nokwenziwa kolwazi. Umzekelo, ukubonisana, imfundo, ucwangciso lwemali, ukubhengezwa, ukuyila.