Xinhai Revolution e China: inkqubela kunye isiphumo revolution

Xinhai Revolution eChina isiphumo sendalo lobunzima linzulu lizwe ukuba lwaseBritani oko kwi-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20. Yaba ngeli xesha yaba imfuneko enkulu yokuba utshintsho ezinkulu kakhulu kweli lizwe, kodwa ke urhulumente kwaba kancane ukuba utshintsho, nangona ezinye amanyathelo nangoku kuthathwa kule ndlela. Kakhulu kwangoko ngaphambi mdibi uphakamo enamandla kwakhona yashukumisa nkqubo indala zentlalo-qoqosho nopolitiko.

Movement for Reform

Xinhai Revolution e China, kuloo mgaqo, lokulwa ngenxa yesibakala sokuba uBukhosi kudala liye lehla. Oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo iziganeko zenkulungwane owandulelayo, apho kutyhilwa ubuthathaka kunye nokungakwazi kukarhulumente ukuba sixhathise zombini kuphazamiseka zangaphakathi kunye ukuhlaselwa lwangaphandle. Sithetha malunga Taiping Imvukelo kunye umlaliso Wars. Ezi uyothuka ezimbini ezinkulu wafumanisa ubuthathaka ngurhulumente kazwelonke, kodwa iye yakhokelela ekuqondeni inxalenye nezazi imfuneko yeenguqulelo engxamisekileyo kwimodeli Western eYurophu, kodwa nokulondolozwa nezithethe emveli ase-China kunye nezenzo.

Utshintsho kuqoqosho

Xinhai Revolution e China kubangelwe banyanzelekile zembali ukutshintsha yonke inkqubo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. ndlela abalandeli ebizwa "self-ukuxhotyiswa" Kungenxa yokuvuselela olukhulu yoluntu yabonakala. ideologist yayo esasiphambili Kang Yu-Wei. Last bagxeka urhulumente yasebukhosini futhi iminxeba ukuba ngokutsha olubonakalayo kwinkqubo endala. Le intshukumo, ngokubanzi, kuquka kwiphondo zasekuhlaleni, apho intloko iinzame womelele uphuhliso kwicandelo lezoqoqosho. Baya kwezoshishino, ukwakha imizi-mveliso, ukuphuhlisa icandelo zemali. Phantsi kwezi meko, iziko wahlala ngandlel kude, nangona ngamazwi kwaye kwezinye iimeko, enyanisweni, ixhaswe intshukumo loHlaziyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Xinhai Revolution e China lokulwa kanye kuba nkqubo indala yesiManchu ubukhosi uye waphila yokusebenziseka kwaso. Ekuveleni kwenkulungwane ukuba bahlala eliphakamileyo ngenxa elinegunya uKumkanikazi Cixi, kodwa umtshana wakhe Guangxu, lowo wamthabatha etroneni, kodwa phantsi kolondolozo lwakhe, wayebalaselisa utshintsho.

kwango

Imeko kweli lizwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, mandundu yi ukunganeliseki le umthondo abantu bengingqi lizwe yabasemzini. Okokuqala, kumayelana abathunywa bevangeli, kwakunye amanani zoshishino nezemali. Abahlali of China wayekholelwa ukuba impembelelo Western yaseYurophu kakubi kuchaphazela uphuhliso lizwe. La mazwi ziye zakhokelela ekubeni kulo lonke eli lizwe waqalisa zityholo ukuhlaselwa bolunye uhlanga, nto leyo ekugqibeleni neziphumo inboxer qhankqalazo ngo-1900.

intshukumo Mass ukuze kulondolozwe ubunguwe ngokobuzwe lithi China ngexesha Awakening Asia. Xinhai Revolution waba imbonakaliso yayo kakhulu umxhelo, kodwa lwandulelwe kakhulu uqhushululu kwezopolitiko lwangaphakathi kuwo wonke umbuso. Ekuqaleni, urhulumente Qing madolw 'ukuba ukuxhasa le mvukelo, Noko ke, ekugqibeleni, yawa ecaleni lakhe. Kulo lonke eli lizwe, oko waqalisa ekugxothweni basemzini. Kodwa phambili ithi Western yaseYurophu ngokukhawuleza ndawonye enempi enkulu zicinezelwa intetho kunye norhulumente Cixi wenze uxolelwaniso. Kodwa ke kukho isiqabu okwexeshana phambi ukudubuleka entsha kwaye ukuwa lokugqibela bukhosi.

Ngomhla olwandulela waba mdibi

Xinhai Revolution e China enxulumene ne igama Sun yat-Sen, ngubani ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ebeyinalo intshukumo Reform. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha iziganeko ngasentla phakathi kwakhe kunye abaxhasi self-nokuxhotyiswa wayengekho ukusilela epheleleyo. Wayeyindoda ofundileyo kakhulu yaye wayenomdla utshintshwano oluphawulekayo kwilizwe labo. Apha kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kule minyaka ilishumi phambi kokuwa lokugqibela ubukhosi isikhundla lolutsha Chinese iye esebenzayo kakhulu, nto leyo, ndakuba ndamkele imfundo zemigangatho yemfundo eNtshona Yurophu, ukuba sizabalazela ukuba wokulungisa epheleleyo kwinkqubo yonke.

Njengesiqhelo, kule minyaka iingxaki kwilizwe lonke yaqala ukuvela uluntu kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo ukuba yakhuthaza isilogeni yokuvuselelwa. Oku kwakuba umahluko esisiseko evela inboxer, owenza ukuba kube neNguquko, kunye nokuphelisa yempembelelo bolunye uhlanga, oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, zicime naziphi ezintsha imodeli West yaseYurophu, ngeli wadala yi Sun yat-Sen Union wavakalisa imfuneko abhukuqe le ubukhosi endala kunye nokuhlaziywa ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yonke.

iziko lokulungisa

Kule meko, urhulumente unako ingahlali ebukele. Eqonda ukuba mbi yombutho wohlaziyo, waya phezu uthotho lwamanyathelo (kodwa hayi embi kakhulu) ukuze bawubuyise imimoya kuluntu yaye babonise nokuzimisela kwabo ukutshintsha. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, uthabathe inani amanyathelo kwanokuphucula umkhosi, iijaji, imisiwe inkqubo yeemviwo zemveli ngenxa iseti bureaucracies kwaye kwasekwa izikolo kwinkqubo. Baye babuya ekuthinjweni, yaye wasixolela ezinye abaxhasi ezininzi ebonakalayo intshukumo self-ezomeleza, abaye baphathwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane (abanye babulawa, ngoxa abanye phantsi ukuhlazeka, baza bagxothwa kweli lizwe). Ukongeza, umgaqo-siseko idrafti sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye wabeka phambili isindululo ukubiza epalamente. Ke zonke ezi izithembiso ayivakali bunamandla kakhulu, yaye emva kokufa kwakhe ngowe-1908, uKumkanikazi Dowager Cixi kwabonakala akunakuphepheka wotshintsho.

Ukulungiselela ubhedu

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, i Xinhai Revolution e China enxulumene ne igama Sun yat-Sen. Waba nenkokeli yalo yeengcinga nakumququzeleli ngqo. Uye wadala imanyano kubaxhasi bakhe, ngokuthe ngcembe lanomfutho njengoko ukwanda intlekele ekuyo i-bukhosi. Ke okona kubalulekileyo, wadala ngcinga kwenkqubo elizayo. Sun uqulunqe migaqo ezintathu ezingundoqo yenza isiseko imfundiso yakhe malunga ikamva China "ubuzwe" - kubhukuqa uhlanga, ubukhosi isiManchu, "idemokhrasi" - ukusekwa ukuze republic-yedemokhrasi Umgaqo yabantu ntle. Ukongeza, wadala umbutho omtsha obizwa Tunmenhuey, eyaba inkxaso bonke abaxhasi utshintsho. Ngo-1911 kuBukhosi kwakukho imeko efanelekileyo mdibi. Abalimi, aneliseke kwintlekele yoqoqosho, hlale wathatha iingalo. I-Centre, nayo, yamkela uthotho lwamanyathelo qinisa ulawulo labemi, nto leyo eyabangela ukunganeliseki ngakumbi. Xinhai Revolution e China kwenzeka ngo-1911: kwaqala kumazantsi eli lizwe wathabatha nditshayele ngokubanzi. I lokuqala lika Umzamo, Noko ke, abazange, kodwa ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, ubukhosi bawa.

Inqanaba lokuqala

A indima enkulu lika wadlala umkhosi omtsha, phakathi kwaba ubuxoki asebenzayo ngokuchasene ubukhosi. Kodwa ke umnyele amanyathelo Abaxhobileyo wakhonza eyenzekayo phantsi kwesizwe likarhulumente enye iinkampani ngobukhulu ulwakhiwo kaloliwe. Oku kwabangela uqhwithela yokubhabhama kunye ukunganeliseki, ingakumbi etsolo ngenxa ukungenela kumazwe angaphandle zibe kwimicimbi yangaphakathi lizwe. Xinhai Revolution e China kuthiwa isiganeko, eyaqala ngo lelinye lawona maphondo esemazantsi Sichuan Empire ngoSeptemba 1911. Ekuqaleni, abo bavukeli ehlasela izikhululo zamapolisa kunye nesebe irhafu, Noko ke, emva kokuba ubunzima ukudubula ukubonakaliswa engaxhobanga kule ndawo yonke abemi Uvukile, nto leyo nokuba nako ukufaka kwikhompyutha kwiziko main isixeko. Impumelelo yokusebenza kwakubangelwa ubukhulu becala kweempembelelo eziyimfihlo, leyo ngamaxesha obunzima zidla esebenzayo. Nakuba kunjalo, iindleko ilahleko enkulu urhulumente nangoku gqiba imvukelo, kodwa luvo anti-sesiManchu kuBukhosi namandla.

umlenze yesibini

Xinhai Revolution e China, kwiminyaka 1911-1912,, eqhubekileyo division yokusebenza entsha enamandla kakhulu kwisixeko Wuchang. Iphekwe intetho kwakhona, kodwa bakuqiqa oko kwangaphambili. Baqala ekubulaweni kunye khomiwile, ngoko lohlaselo wadlula icandelo yonke emkhosini. Oku kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 1911. Abo bavukeli wabathimba bonke Tricity, kwakheka urhulumente yayo, wabiza ukubhukuqwa Qing Dynasty, kwaye urhulumente ngokwayo kwathiwa republic.

Abahlali urhulumente athimba yonke ngezikhuni emhlabeni, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, wakwazi ukuba lizuze amalungu omkhosi entsha, leyo inxaxheba iinkalo ezininzi kuqinisekise impumelelo yemvukelo. Eli ziko nezibi isikali bayazoyika intshukumo kwaye ucele ekuthinjweni jikelele onesiphiwo Yuan Shikai, urhulumente wamthembisa ukucinezela mvukelo, kodwa yena, njengokuba ngonozakuzaku ezilungileyo wala kuba akukho nto ifana umsiki. Ngoko ke urhulumente wazama ukubamba epalamente kunye norhulumente, kodwa la manyathelo khange kwakhokelela nto. izenzo Ezinzima ka vulawuri bya le kwezithandani iqela izixeko ziye ndabamisela abantu ngakumbi nxamnye ziko, yaye ekugqibeleni, Supreme Council Chamber ivumelene Republican, efuna uphando.

Isigaba sesithathu

Xinhai Revolution e China, oonobangela - a ingxaki enzulu yezopolitiko kunye buthathaka gunya, iye yazuza ngokubanzi emva xa amaphondo ezininzi ekumazantsi abaye bangenela ngoko nangoko abo bavukeli. Phantsi kwezi meko, iziko kwakhona wazama ukuthethana kunye Chikane. Wafuna ngenxa iinkonzo zakhe kwale miqathango ilandelayo: a uxolelo jikelele, ukudluliselwa kuye onke amandla, kokubizwa ePalamente kunye neKhabhinethi. Ngoxa omabini la thethwano, imvukelo entsha kwavuka ngo-Oktobha waloo nyaka bazibhala e Shijiazhuang, leyo esongela ngokuqatsela ibe iphulo jikelele nxamnye eBeijing ngenxa ngokubhukuqwa ubukhosi. Olu phuhliso khange ivumelane Shikai, ngubani kuhlala kude. Kuphela emva kokubulawa enye neenkokeli zidale yomkhosi entsha enqunyanyiswe okwethutyana.

Isigaba sesine

Xinhai Revolution e China, kulandele intetho emfutshane amaxesha yayo engundoqo, ephuhliswe ngokukhawuleza inxalenye enkulu ngenxa yokuba abavukeli abazibandakanyileyo amajoni emkhosini. Emva kwezi ziganeko kwi likomkhulu bukhosi yaqala nokungoyiki: ungxamile ezininzi amalungu sesiManchu yezikhulu wahambela kwelinye. Ngeli xesha, inani kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ezifunyenwe Shikai, leyo, eneneni, asisule ngegunya yoMlawuli, wagabadela amagunya umlawuli ophakamileyo, njengoko inkulumbuso.

Nangona kunjalo, le mvukelo yaya ikhula ezikhundleni luhamba ngesantya esincomekayo. Ekupheleni Oktobha, omnye emva komnye baqalisa umkhosi labavukeli le Nanyang. Ngelo xesha, Shikai wacela inkxaso iqela kwamagunya Western, ababenethemba lokuba wabeka phantsi imvukelo. Nangona kunjalo, lo jikelele ngokwakhe Musa ukungxama ukuba athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo, ekubeni ukuze alondoloze amandla abo kunye nempembelelo, ngobuchule wajika phakathi Republican kunye namandla. Omabini la macala bafuna ukuba acele inkxaso yakhe, ngexesha ezinye zange aye ngeziqu evulekileyo lwezigalo, enethemba isisombululo soxolo. Shikai kwakhona esaba asebukhosini ithuba wentshabalalo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye Republican umnwe kwezithandani le mvukelo. Wafuna imfuneko lobukhosi siseko, kodwa ngumvukeli babefuna kwiriphabliki, ukwamkela into yokuba jikelele waba ngumongameli. Ngelo xesha, kuBukhosi yaqhubeka inkqubo yokwahlukana embindini kumaphondo aliqela.

izenzo Shikai

Xinhai Revolution e China, nto leyo luphawulwa amaxesha zokugcina ixinene kakhulu, iye ingene kwisigaba eziliqela okwathatha ekwindla-1911 ngenxa iintetho phakathi inkulumbuso omtsha, asebukhosini kunye Republican. Noko ke, eqonda ukuba yokomelezwa igunya layo, kubalulekile ukuba uthathe i-ukuntywilisela, xa wayelungiselela uhambo yokohlwaya ukuya ezantsi ukuze oyike bavukeli, Ndimbonise amandla akhe. Ukuthatha Hanyang, wagqiba ekubeni ayeke apho, njengokuba ukoyiswa epheleleyo Republican yayingekho inxalenye izicwangciso zakhe, njengokuba wayenethemba ukuqhubeka ngamaqhinga phakathi kwabo kunye nemikhosi asebukhosini.

Emva kwezi ziganeko, iNkulumbuso iye waya kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye nabo abo bavukeli: Waza wenza umnqophiso kunye nawo, njengoko apho lizwe yahlulwe kabini: northern, apho ukumkani yagcinwa, nelasezantsi, apho kwamiselwa weRiphabliki. Shikai ingqalelo kunye Republican ithuba lokuba umlingwa umongameli, ngoxa ngcembe kuphela elulawulweni nasegunyeni yenkokheli zabalawuli. Bethobela yakhe umlawuli-anti komlawuli, abangazange banandiphe impembelelo. Isifundo "Xinhai Revolution e China" umdla kuba ibonisa swiftness le kombuso, kwaye ntuthuko ukuwa bukhosi. Noko ke, Republican ngabavukeli baye basilela ukufikelela umanyano ngokupheleleyo. Oku ngokukodwa kwimeko ngexesha thethwano ngoDisemba 1911, xa North ukwenza nezinamatheleneyo, lo gama yahlulelana ngasezantsi leyo. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba uthethwano yayitsala kunye chic, Republican wasinika amandla ukuya Sun yat-Sen, kodwa imeko ukuba ayeke post yakhe ukuba kuqala abavumi. Ixesha elifutshane e-ofisini, wakwazi yokuhlanganisa iingalo zasezantsi kunye nokudala ulawulo Yeengwevu yexeshana. Ke Shikai Wathi malunga imfuneko yokulondoloza ukumkani, nelasezantsi, ke, wamsongela naye imfazwe yamakhaya.

ukusekwa republic

Iziphumo ze Xinhai Revolution e China zibaluleke kakhulu ngekamva leli lizwe, njengoko kwakhokelela ukubhukuqwa Qing Dynasty. Oku kwenzeka ngoFebruwari 1915, yaye jikelele lazisiwe ngumongameli.

Sun yat-sen kwi umdla umanyano lwesizwe wanika indlela yakhe Chikane igunya Jikelele, obize le ePalamente kule ngasentla. Nangona kunjalo, lo mzimba usilele ukwenza urhulumente, koko, umlawuli omtsha iye izame ukubuyisela ubukhosi ethe wachaswa kakhulu kweli lizwe. Iziphumo Xinhai Revolution e China eziqikelelwa ngokwahlukileyo mbali, uninzi lwabo bathi yokusilela kwenkqubo olunye elivela abo bavukeli, jikelele iqela namathelwano.

Shikai ngo-1915 yazibeka umlawuli, saniqononondisa ngo komkhulu, bezishumayela imfuneko ukuze kubuyiselwe umyalelo omdala. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba ukusebenza woMzantsi entsha uhambele. Emva kokuba Xinhai Revolution e China yatshintsha imeko yezopolitiko lwangaphandle lizwe. Enye neziphumo zayo ibalulekileyo yaba yokwahlukana imeko Mongolia, leyo yazimela.