Uphi na lesikhumbuzo iincwadi?

Kuye kwaba kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi le ncwadi waqonda ngabantu otyebileyo ngumthombo wolwazi, amava kunye nobulumko. It is a ibhulorho yokudibanisa iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizukulwana. Njengoko enkosi kwaye babonise siqwalasela ukubaluleka kweencwadi babantu ubomi namhlanje, sinako ukubona abaninzi ezikhumbuzo "zoncwadi" iincwadi kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke. Nganye iphatha imbali ethile kunye nefilosofi. Simazi kakhulu umdla kubo.

Kwi-US,

EUnited States uyakwazi ukufumana iziza ezininzi enikelwe iincwadi. Ngoko ke, phambi ithala leencwadi loluntu Coshocton lesikhumbuzo spiral yayifakwe ngo-2004. umbhali wayo nomkroli Allan Kottril. Ezibonakalayo, eli na elaa litye lithe imfumba amakhulu imithamo, oluhlala phezu, ukucinga ngento ethile, loo mfana incwadi evulekileyo. hova nganye omkhulu unegama, kunye nekopi ezandleni wenkwenkwe wamshiya ngaphandle kwakhe. Oku kwenziwa ngenjongo zonke undwendwe kwelayibhrari bangazisa incwadi yakho oyithandayo.

lesikhumbuzo okungaqhelekanga ibekwe phambi kwe yeencwadi Nebraska-Lincoln University Library. Oqingqiweyo, njengoko ibhayisekile, apho iincwadi 17 siphindwe ifake. Le lesikhumbuzo ubizwa ngokuba "Ukulinganisa iincwadi." Jikelele kweevili bobabini amagama ababhali kunye zobulumko (uSocrates, uCharles Dickens, Marcel Proust, Luisa Lamura). Phakathi kwazo kukho igama kunye nombhali mihla Daniely Stil. Le lesikhumbuzo ibonisa nokuqhama ihlabathi kwenkcubeko aze anike abafundi inkuthazo kuphuhliso ngokomoya.

nososayensi Ameliya Vaynberg ngo-1982 ezabiwa onke amaphepha akhe kunye neencwadi zobuqu Public Library of Cincinnati (Ohio). kweminyaka esibhozo kamva, lo nomkroli Michael eqatywe wagqiba ekubeni phambili esi senzo elunge lesikhumbuzo yokuqala. Kuyinto ezimbalwa inqwaba yeencwadi zamafu. Yakhiwa nodongwe kunye nesikhumba isitayile. Aphilisa emthonjeni nokwakheka. Kwakhona uthwele ziyakubaluleka flow obungapheliyo esingumqondiso lolwazi, nto leyo ibalulekileyo ukuze ubomi uluntu.

e Germany

imitha-amabini lesikhumbuzo babhukishe zobulumko Mbasa German kunye ababhali liphuma Bebel Platz eBerlin. It yafakwa ngo-2006 phambi odumileyo Humboldt University. ubunzima bayo ngu tons 35. iincwadi 17, zipakishwe, ziyaphawulwa ngokuzibhala amagama ababhali: Hegel, Goethe, Schiller, Marx Brothers Grimm, Lessing kunye nabanye. Le Monument wadalwa imbeko Ioganna Gutenberga - le Umsunguli kushicilelo lwangoku.

Kwaye ekufuphi, bonke kwindawo enye, kukho omnye lesikhumbuzo, ebizwa ngokuba "ithala leencwadi ezazikayo". Iincwadi ezingekhoyo apha, kunokuba njengophawu inkumbulo, angavumeli ukuba ukulibala malunga ukutshisa ekhohlaleleyo engaphezu kwewaka 12 imisebenzi emikhulu ngoMeyi 1933, abafundi ngokungenalusini karhulumente. Na elaa litye lithe iishelfu engenanto, eshiya emhlabeni, waya ungalanjathiswa.

Kwi-UK,

Unusual kuyilo walo ilitye lesikhumbuzo nkulumo eLondon. Ukubunjwa kwincwadi yakhe yenza into enkulu, atsho intloko loo ndoda, nomthi olukhulayo evela encwadini. Olo lesikhumbuzo engaqhelekanga kwathiwa igama "Kungakhathaliseki kwimbali." umbhali wayo nomkroli Bill Vudrou.

in Spain

Engaqhelekanga "baphila", ilitye lesikhumbuzo sengqiqweni ngokohlobo iincwadi elise Barcelona. Yaye yasekwa ngo-1994, umbhali wayo - uJoan Brossa. osemqoka na elaa litye lithe ukusetyenziswa izinto ezingezizo zemveli kunye nokwakheka soqobo sakho kunye namaxwebhu. Le tshe abekwe sisitya enkulu isiqingatha-vula a book. Kubonakala ukuba le page kwaneso umoya.

e Poland

Ngowe-2008, leske, ngomhla yembutho wembali, kwaqhutywa Book Fair. Kwaba ngoko awathi ulawulo wesixeko kuye wayivula incwadi yokuqala yesikhumbuzo ePoland. ingxubevange Bronze ubonisa umthamo enzima, zinokuhonjiswa imifanekiso yesizwe. Njengoko wayezelwe nomkroli UAndrzej Pitynskogo, incwadi enkulu Libonakalisa ubunzima oluprintiweyo. Ukuba bebambene ngezandla, ndisolulela esibhakabhakeni. Ukubunjwa kwakhona ibonisa ukukhanya, uphuhliso ngokomoya, nobude, ezo iincwadi.

e Israel

iincwadi lesikhumbuzo obubalaseleyo nokubhala bunikwa eHaifa. Umhla ukuyivula - ngo-2007, kwaye yokuqamba imitha ezintathu-incwadi enkulu, zazenziwe ngobhedu. Ukususela oko ngokoqobo "ndimlahlele phandle" abalinganiswa ezahlukeneyo kunye neeleta. Le umbhali ubhale egxininisa ukuba lesikhumbuzo sesona uphuhliso oluqhubekayo yokushicilela, ukubhala. Le lesikhumbuzo ibekwe ipaki elihle kwaye iyafumaneka ukuze zihlaziywe bonke abahlali kunye nabatyeleli aloo mzi.

e Turkmenistan

Ubuchule ezinikelwe iincwadi, athwale imifuziselo eyahlukileyo. UYise isizwe Turkmen uthathwa Saparmurat Niyazov. incwadi yakhe "Ruhnama" ( "Book of uMoya"), mhlawumbi namhlanje ukucaphula wonke ummi Turkmenistan. Nje kwenzeka kwisixeko iphambili kweli lizwe ukuze Independence Park ilitye lesikhumbuzo omkhulu kule fomu yaba incwadi engcwele. ukuphakama kwayo - indlu ezinemigangatho emibini. Wonke ngokuhlwa, "Ruhnama" iya kuvulwa, kwaye kwiphepha lokuqala kunye ngoncedo umatshini iboniswa documentary film ukuyilwa uhlanga Turkmen.

in UAE

Kwaye nanku omnye monumentalistics umsebenzi wobugcisa ephethe ezinkulu kuzwelonke. Enye obona ngokwemiqathango unqulo emirate of Sharjah. Xa ikomkhulu lalo kwiNkcubeko Square wamisa lesikhumbuzo elinendili ezisixhenxe ubude. Le yincwadi engcwele iKoran ukuvula amaphepha. umqondiso zonqulo kuqinise kwaye zendalo kunye script ngegolide Arabic, kunye lokukhonzela ekufuphi nalapho. Le ncwadi lesikhumbuzo ebekwe phezu kwamanqwanqwa phezulu. Kuba ixesha ebusuku Izibane original ukuba abangaboniyo kwandisa ubungakanani lesikhumbuzo.

e China

China ebesoloko izithethe abaziwayo inviolable kunye nembono engaqhelekanga zehlabathi. iincwadi Monument - yenye zinzulu kumzekeliso yayo lweziganeko ukuhlangabezana apha isivakashi. Of umdla ethile kuba inyengane enkulu leyo. Kuqweqwe yayo uyibonile abalinganiswa yaseTshayina manani, yaye kubo kuvela ubuso babantu. Isivamvo zesakhiwo ilula: Ukuba umntwana nkcazelo evela esibelekweni sikanina, indoda njengokuba umntu abunjwe ngazo iincwadi.

kubakhenkethi ukwazi ngomnye nentsika yelitye enikezelwe ngamandla ulwazi. ukwakheka yawo ujingi-kang, omdala umntu Chubby ihlala kwicala elinye incwadi ngesandla, kwelinye - intombazana ethe kunye isipha encinane iincwadi. Njengoko umbhali wentombazana kungaphezu umntu. Ngoko ke, ingcamango esisiseko ye lesikhumbuzo okufundwayo: ukubaluleka lomntu sisixa ulwazi, kodwa ayikho ninzi.

in Russia

iincwadi zodumo Russian ahlala, mhlawumbi, indawo ekhethekileyo, njengoko zibekiwe otyebileyo ezahlukeneyo, yaye ngamnye kubo imbali yayo. Ngoko ke, lo wokuqala inokufumaneka baseTaganrog Murmansk Krasnoyarsk Angarsk aseStavropol Kogalym. Abanye ziyahluka touchingly nobabalo, ngoxa abanye kusikhumbuza le misebenzi obubalaseleyo uncwadi Russian kwiinkulungwane ngaphambili.

Phantsi igama yamandulo "ncwadi - umthombo wolwazi" thaca lesikhumbuzo ezinezihloko e eOmsk, emnyango ukuya kwivenkile esitratweni. ULenin. Le ukuziqambela le nokuqulunqwa na indlela indalo yayo metal ngokuthi ukuwelda elektroduvnoy. Monument yimilo kwe incwadi evulekileyo. Kumaphepha ayo ekuthethwa fantastic kunye neeleta. umbhali wayo uAleksandr Kapralov. Ngelishwa, nenjongo yangempela wegcisa kuhlala ayaziwa. Kodwa ke abakhenkethi abatyelela umzi, le zithako wenkululeko engenasiphelo ukuba ngqondweni kwaye "ndicinga yaye conjecturing."

Ithandwa kakhulu kwaye umxhelo, ngokutsho abahambi, i incwadi yesikhumbuzo eSt Petersburg. It is at the University ezithintelo zeenqanawa (State University) kwaye imele incwadi enkulu evulekileyo (3.6 * 2.4 * 0.9). Le lesikhumbuzo yenziwe zelitye lenyengane, kumaphepha ayo uyakwazi ukufunda imigca odumileyo ukusuka umbongo Pushkin kaThixo "yeBronzi umgadi." Le lesikhumbuzo yatyhilwa ngo-2002, indalo walo lixesha kwi isikhumbuzo sama- 300 kweso sixeko. Abalobi E.Soloveva igcisa, ngokomakhi kunye mbali O. Romanov A. Raskin.

Enye Monument St. Petersburg sungula ku iincwadi, abe nokuchaza ngembali engaqhelekanga. Elidityaniswe kunye negama uConstantine GROTTO - ". Ngabalondolozi iimfama" nguyise ka Ukubunjwa yintombazana ehleli phezu kwamanqwanqwa. ntsho yakhe sibhekiswe esibhakabhakeni, nengalo yakhe ilungelo ngokungathi sehla ngapha kwephepha le incwadi evulekileyo. Sisondela, usenokufumanisa ukuba esifubeni intombazana eemfama - ". Abantwana LikaThixo" K. Ushinsky ncwadi

Ukuthobeka ngobukhulu kunye nokwakhiwa anokufunyanwa lesikhumbuzo ezinezihloko in Khimki. It yafakwa ngo-2010, ebudeni eMoscow Forum yakhe yokuqala of Culture. Le lesikhumbuzo yobhedu liveza incwadi evulekileyo phezu kwamanqwanqwa. ungabona umgangatho imbongi Russian Alexander kwiphepha elinye Pushkin, kwelinye - imigca bakhe mbongo: "Ndikhumbula omnye umzuzu emangalisayo ...". Le ncwadi ibekwe ngokungathi idada emoyeni, yaye useko ilitye ezihonjiswe iintsiba kunye uhadi ngofefe. Le fom inye kakhulu ifane uphawu ethambileyo.

Buildings, ezikhumbuzo

Amangcwaba iincwadi zehlabathi nalapha ngaphakatyhi luphawulwa nentsusa kwento kunye iimilo ezingaqhelekanga, imibala kunye nezinto. Kwincopho litye ngoku ebizwa isakhiwo ngokohlobo iincwadi. Apha Umfanekiso ngokusondeleyo edibene lwezakhiwo esi sixeko. Abameli olu hlobo sites ingafumaneka kwi Kansas City (USA), e Moscow, Tyumen, naseNovosibirsk, Grozny, Ashgabat, eParis kunye nabanye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le isimbo nokuhombisa lwefacade bamathala eencwadi, amaziko eendaba kunye namaziko ezobugcisa, ezemfundo kunye zemali.