Ebhanyabhanya Byzantine of Ravenna

Xa nedolophu, ibekwe kwi kunxweme eAdriya, kudla watshintsha abalawuli, yaye ngamnye kubo bazama ukuhombisa Ravenna izindlu ezintsha iitempile, kunye result ukuba isacholo Italian iya isiba liziko enkulu ubuchule bobugcisa eli lizwe. Ifunyanwa phakathi East ne West, kuba uvimba ubuncwane iziza ezizodwa zembali, ezisibhozo kuzo phantsi ukhuselo UNESCO.

Noko ke, nokutsala iphambili ayisikeleleyo Ravenna ithathwa le ebhanyabhanya zexabiso, ezibe waphawula ngokoqobo kuyo yonke indawo. UMGANGATHO izimanga yokusebenza wakhe owuthanda nabani na ochukumisa lemveli lenkcubeko sixeko acebe ngaphambili.

Ubuchule yoBukhosi baseByzantium

Ukuveliswa yaseByzantium kaMoses kwambatha umlambo, yaye zonke iitempile kunye izigodlo zazihonjiswe kunye imizobo eglasi. Kakade ke, oku akuthethi gama kakhulu oluchanekileyo, njengoko ubuciko - nga ni vutshila. Abenzi bemeko-imisebenzi emikhulu ebhaliweyo nje ukupeyinta, kunye aqeshwa kumaqhekeza smalt.

Nokugqama art kaMoses iwela kwinkulungwane V-VI, ebizwa iminyaka segolide. Edume kakhulu ehlabathini zibalwa yobuciko ebhanyabhanya Ravenna kunye nemifanekiso Hagia Sophia (eConstantinople). ibandla Historic e Istanbul kwaye olu suku luye igcinwe amandla nobungangamsha athe afakwa yi kwabayili zayo - bemeko- eseByzantium yamandulo. Beautiful imisebenzi sixabiseke kakhulu inkcubeko yehlabathi, aye alondolozwa zikwimeko elungileyo.

Iitempile kunye ebhanyabhanya of Ravenna: zokuqhubela ubomi obutofotofo

Ekuqaleni iicawa zamaKristu ukususela V-VII iinkulungwane, xa Ravenna yayilikomkhulu the Western uBukhosi baseRoma, akukho mntu izisombululo wamangaliswa bokwakha kunye nobuhle okhethekileyo. Ziindwendwe kwisixeko samandulo ziyavuma ukuba ngokwangaphandle oko akwenzi umbono: isitalato enyanyeni, indawo ukungaqapheleki, ukunqongophala umoya fantastic kunye umbala okhethekileyo. Noko ke, phezu lwefacade izimvi iitempile kunye zodaka ubukhulu Uyayifihla ilifa kaMoses komzi. imisebenzi yokuqala yobugcisa emehlweni prying efihliweyo, kwaye sifumane kubo, kuya kufuneka ukuba ufumane imephu le lali, ibekwe kumntla-mpuma Italy.

Ebhanyabhanya of Ravenna eyaziwa kakuhle kakhulu ehlabathini ihlabathi nezinye izinto zenkcubeko singabonwa abakhenkethi. elikhulu ukuba akukho ngokulinganayo na isixeko ehlabathini, efihliweyo emva lwefacade okutshatyalaliswa izakhiwo zembali. Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe iqhayiya eziphambili Ravenna, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo iimpawu zezi mizobo.

Imbasa smalt

KaMoses - uhombiso othandwayo iicawa zamaKristu apho ubonakalisa kakhulu ngokupheleleyo eziqulethwe ubuhle zehlabathi zonqulo. Kulo mfanekiso siye saqulunqwa amaByzantine, uye wadala iteknoloji ekhethekileyo imveliso glazes. Iglasi Ukuphathwa iziyatha kongezelelwe ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi (zegolide, imetyhuri, nobhedu, kunye nabanye) ukunika ufakelele imibala eyahlukileyo. Eyona nto iphambili Imizobo kaMoses twatse ngobukhulu kunye izitena kakuhle wabeka.

ebhanyabhanya Byzantine e Ravenna sele yingxam engundoqo uhombiso kumangcwaba, iitempile, Kuze, apho imisebenzi ezibonakalayo ongaphambili. Isihloko ezingundoqo lwemizobo omkhulukazi waba imbali yamaKristu kunye namabali kwibhayibhile. Technology ngokubekwa glazes ngonyaka ngamnye ephuculiweyo, kunye nababhali ezaqanjwa ezimangalisayo ukuphuhlisa imixube emitsha kunye nemibala.

Iimpawu zobugcisa

Yintoni eyenza zayimosaic yaseByzantium ukusuka wamaRoma? Eyona iphambili ukusetyenziswa ngegolide iba imvelaphi apho babekwa iibhloko kunye kumphezulu unpolished, into zizakubalulwa nendawo yayo kwezinye izinto. Ngapha koko, iinkosi kusetyenziswa yakhiwe agudileyo xa imida umfanekiso lwemizimba okanye izinto, esalinikwayo ubume ukuya unyulu ingcaciso yangasemva. Ngaloo wadalwa lilaphu enye, kakuhle ebengezelayo ngokuvutha amakhandlela kunye nokukhanya zendalo. imibala umdlalo esimnandi nokuvakalisa ukudala ifuthe imifanekiso eshukumayo, ukuphila ubomi babo.

Amagcisa izikolo mosaic art Ravenna, kudala kwithuba V ka VII ubudala, ukusebenza kunye yesixhobo, glazes eliquka imibala kunye iintlobo shades ezahlukeneyo ezisisiseko. Amaninzi, iityhubhu baba buxande, imilo isikwere, nangona ezinye imifanekiso ungabona umjikelo nezinto mbhoxo ezinobukhulu ezinkulu - ukusuka mm-7 ukuya kweli-15.

Heritage kunye modernity

Ebhanyabhanya of Ravenna, leyo saba likomkhulu the Western uBukhosi baseRoma, akukho obuphantsi indlela eya imisebenzi emangalisayo waseConstantinople. City, ababethwala isihloko wequla zobugcisa nenkcubeko, linembali lemveli, nto leyo eye yaba umthombo yashukumisa ababhali abadumileyo kunye namagcisa. Isixeko namhlanje akayilibalanga isakhono wamandulo: kwenye oqeqesho kukwahlukaniswa kaMoses, apho watyelelwa zombini abafundi Italian angaphandle. It zinginginya zocweyo neesemina, nesidibanisa iingcali ezivela ehlabathini lonke.

Ravenna babefuna iitalente enze umsebenzi wokulungisa, ukudala iikopi lexi hlamarisaka imisebenzi abaziwayo ukuba zingathengwa iigalari vutshila umzi. Abasemagunyeni ziyayazi mosaic kwikomkhulu, ukuba umsebenzi ophambili - akukho nje ukulondoloza ubuncwane wesizwe, kodwa ukuba emphakathini.

Yamangcwaba of Galla Placidia

Le lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo omdala ke yamangcwaba of Galla Placidia e Ravenna. KaMoses abunjwe iinkosi aseByzantium ngenkulungwane V wadala, nto leyo nayo bevela intombi Istanbul uTheodosius Great. Enyanisweni, njengoko abaphandi bafumanisa, ayikho ingcwaba lenene, ekubeni Gallus wangcwatywa eRoma, yaye le ndlu, ejonge kakhulu intle, i indlwana encinane elungiselelwe St. Lawrence - umxhasi isicaka ubukhosi yosapho.

Ingrown ngexesha kwiinkulungwane eziliqela nobutyebi obufihlwe ezweni eyakhiwe ngezitena, uhlobo leyo ugu yonke ndwendwe. Ngokusebenzisa neefestile ezo zivaliweyo, wabeka iipleyiti neyaspisi, angena imitha yelanga, kwaye ukukhanya norhatyazo zendalo iityhubhu mosaic Ravenna, okwamatye. Lo mqondiso ke ingcaciso - ngoko idlala smalt ekudluliseleni lineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo umbala. UMoya ukukhanya ngesiganeko phezu roughened lubonakala engile ezahlukeneyo, nasemagumbini kunye neendonga yamangcwaba kwabonakala ukuba inyibilike phambi iindwendwe bavuya.

ubuhle supernal

Ebhanyabhanya of Ravenna, iifoto ezibangela uchulumanco phakathi kwabantu kude zisuswe ubugcisa, ukuba kungacaci kwangoko. The Dome le yamangcwaba ye-UNESCO-akhuselwe na isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza obuzolileyo kwiziko yayo likhanya umnqamlezo segolide, mayibhekiswe ngasempuma, yaye arch ezine ezihonjiswe iisimboli ze abavangeli amaByzantine - yenkomo, ingonyama, ukhozi kunye nengelosi. Apha ungabona ihlabathi lamandulo ephumayo, i wizard izakubonisa imizobo kwi ubuhle eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo - saphezulu.

imifuziselo

Young Iisus Hristos uchazwa uMalusi Olungileyo ejikelezwe yi umhlambi weegusha. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba umfanekiso lamaKristu okuqala koMsindisi, kuphela izambatho zethu nemfusa negolide ubonise ukuba ngubani na phambi kwethu kanye. Kubonakala engumfuziselo abangcwele kwisiqalo oluhlaza, ekhumbuza abalinganiswa yamandulo kwesinxibo yamaRoma, kwaye iidiliya - a bacchanalia yobuhedeni.

Nangona kunjalo, le Amagcisa wenza kaMoses, sanikwa nentsingiselo yokomfuziselo yonke umfanekiso: ukuphulaphula zikaKristu izimvu - emfutshane, ukusela evela ngamahobe ecacileyo emfuleni amaxhama - amaKristu, iginya imfundiso entsha, kunye neqela seediliya - uMyezo we-Eden, apho kuwa amakholwa.

Ebhanyabhanya le Basilica of San Vitale

Kufutshane yamangcwaba ilibandla edume San Vitale e Ravenna. Ebhanyabhanya ye Basilica, eyenziwe neengcibi aseByzantium kubutyebi iphambili lesikhumbuzo bokwakha obungqongqo ngenkangeleko, apho izinto umxhasi ongcwele umzi esikelelekileyo - eSt Kubalulekile. AmaKristu wayezibuza malunga ubuhle yokomoya, hayi ngaphandle, hayi ihonjiswe iitempile zabo, uzokuzibekela eyinkcitho uhombiso wangaphakathi. Made in the ebhanyabhanya Byzantine ngenkulungwane VI San Vitale e Ravenna, apho yayigqalwa ngaphandle eliligugu eConstantinople, Uyabahombisa inxalenye esibingelelweni, le apse kunye nokuphakama esibingelelweni. Izicaphulo zeTestamente eNdala, umfanekiso kaYesu kunye abangcwele, uMlawuli Justinian kunye nomfazi wakhe zahlukile kakhulu ukusuka imizobo kwi yamangcwaba.

Imvelaphi ephambili kwi imizobo kumi umbala segolide, kwaye amanani sengathi baye balahlekelwa eziphathekayo. Baya wajika waya ukumila caba yaye zibonakala nemizimba. Nangona lokuzenzela onzima iingubo phantsi ezibayeni zayo musa va imizimba. wondela mesmerizing kwamehlo enkulu kwi abantu abakhutshwa.

uyilo ngokomoya

On the canvases babonisa inkosi misebenzi hayi okwexeshana, kukhalaza ongunaphakade, akukho izinto iqokobhe, kwaye ubuthixo, kunye nentshukumo notshintsho kufika imifanekiso tyaba kwaye ngokucacileyo indlela endaweni umthamo. Akukho izithunzi shintsha agudileyo, kunye amibala of San Vitale e Ravenna na amabala umbala enkulu.

Ababhali Byzantine engaziwa andizange ndambona * uKhesare kunye nomfazi wakhe wazama ukuba adlulisele ayikho efana umzobo nangomoya ngokomoya, ukuqonda izimvo zabo ngayo ubuhle. Umyeni wakhe, inkosi enkulu, ezotywe kwixesha xa iBandla edlulisela inesitya segolide njengesipho. intloko Justinian kaThixo, musa ukuthatha nasiphi na isigqibo esibalulekileyo ayingaphandle komfazi, ayevathiswe umqhele. Kunzima ukubona ukuba unaloo ubuntu: inyama yonke kunye eyeyomzuzwana ekhohlo ngaphandle etempileni, kwaye umlawuli sesibini kwisiqingatha eboniswe umbusi.

panel Basic umbala egxininisa festive umoya yecawa zisiya - ezimhlophe, oluhlaza, igolide, kunye noluhlaza. Amaqhekeza glazes zibekwe kwi engile ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ukukhanya kwabo ezikhutshiweyo inika uluvo lwe-bume emangalisayo yayibalaseliswa kuwo ilanga kamnandi. Akwaziwa, yintoni abaxabela kakhulu: ubume wacinga-kakuhle, u wasebenza iinkcukacha, okanye umbala ukufanisa ogqibeleleyo.

Fabrics Baptistry of Neon

Ngenkulungwane V, kwakukho into zokwakha, ithathwa njengenye ezikhumbuzo libalulekileyo ehlabathini - esi lokubhaptiza umzi. Ravenna kaMoses, gqibezela inlays ezimbejembeje moldings, ngokungathi ebhaliwe isakhiwo ke uThixo amajukujuku, ilungiselelwe ubhaptizo kwaye ngubani na ubudala efanayo njengoko Umakhi of Galla Placidia.

Masters wasebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo; zonke iinyama kunye eyahlula iziqalelo zabo - ukuba uhlobo kuluhlu, kwaye disk central ungqamanisa reyi zegolide. Kwiqela lenjongo angqukuva kunokubonwa ubhaptizo kaKristu nguYohane imeko umbhaptizi, ihobe, engumqondiso uMoya oyiNgcwele, abapostile-12, enxibe isithsaba ukholo. Amanani izithunywa zikaThixo, kubonisiwe imvelaphi obhulowu bumnyama ziboniswa kwi intshukumo, kwaye umphezulu kuyo banyathela, ijongeka kunenye. Abafundi bakaYesu zangaphantsi kulawula imibala ezimbini - igolide namhlophe, yoncedo ngokomoya. Ubuso yabapostile, abe ubuntu eyomeleleyo, ingqungquthela.

Imixholo ye iYerusalem yasezulwini

Abafundi Kristu eboniswe abathwali njengokukhanya imfundo yobuKristu. UMsindisi abhaptizwe, esiza ngalo ubabalo abapostile idluliselwe Church emhlabeni, nto leyo bafuzisela izibingelelo zime. Kunye nemithi yeziqhamo phezu kwawo le lokubhaptiza zinxulunyaniswa ngomoya lamaKristu, bavelise iziqhamo ezihle. Loo uhombiso osisityebi kwezakhiwo zonqulo yagxininisa ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo ubhaptizo amakholwa, yaye yonke yokuqamba enxulumene nomxholo yonke iYerusalem Entsha - umzi, wathumela uYesu Emhlabeni-winner.

Omnye ungabona kuphela abanesiphiwo iitalente ongenagama, obakhe Ravenna yanamhlanje. Ebhanyabhanya kunye frescos lokubhaptiza, zazizaliswe amatye amancinci zizityebi umbala palette, ngokuchanileyo ngokukhomba zenziwa yi iinkosi aseByzantium zasekuhlaleni kunye hayi. Baye wadala sisincoko elimnandi, imibala yabengezela eqaqambileyo.

imisebenzi nanto

Ravenna yamandulo, natyeka ikomkhulu kakhulu nedolophu, zithandwa kakhulu kunye kubakhenkethi. sele kudlule iminyaka emininzi, iye yatshintsha, kodwa wahlala yobuciko ayo abizayo ukuba yasinda kwabayili zabo kakuhle zombini. ebhanyabhanya ezimangalisayo Ravenna, ukusuka apho kunzima ukuqwenga iimbono umdla kuzo zonke kubakhenkethi ndizixabise izinto ezintle.