Umthetho 48-FZ "Kwi-guardianship and guardiance" ngeempendulo

I-48-FZ "Kwi-Guardianship and Curatorship" ilawula ubudlelwane obuhlobene nokusekwa, ukuphunyezwa nokupheliswa kogcino kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana. Eli nqaku liza kuchaza imimiselo ephambili yomthetho oyilwayo.

Umthetho

2 I-Article ФЗ No. 48 inika iingcamango ezisisiseko ezisetyenziswa kwisenzo esiqhelekileyo. Yintoni ekugcinwe kuyo? Ngokomthetho, lo luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwabalimi abancinci abanomgcini abemi baseRussian Federation. Abameli baqeshwa ngabaphathi abafanelekileyo. Imoya yabo njengabameli bezomthetho zincinci imiselwe. Isethi yonke yesenzo esibalulekileyo esisemthethweni esenziwa ngabalondolozi kumntwana kuthiwa ngumlondolozi.

Ingqiqo yokulondolozwa ihluke ngokusesikweni. Ngokomthetho, lo luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwabalimi abangaphantsi kweminyaka abangenayo i-juveniles (abaneminyaka eli-14 ukuya kuninzi). Abameli bezomthetho bomntu ongenamthetho otyunjwe ngamagunya karhulumente kufuneka bancedise ngokupheleleyo ekuphunyezweni kwamalungelo nemisebenzi yewadi. IiWadi zibizwa ngokuba ngummi, zilondolozwe ngabameli bezomthetho.

Imisebenzi kunye nemimiselo yomgaqo karhulumente

Ngokuhambelana ne-48-FZ "Kwi-guardianship kunye ne-trusteeship", amagosa karhulumente kufuneka akhuthaze onke amaziko amancinci ngamaziko onke. Ngaloo ndlela, imimiselo yomgaqo-karhulumente kufuneka ifake:

• Ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwamagunya abo ngabalindi kunye nabaphathiswa;
• Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila kubantu abaphantsi koxanduva;
• Ukuqinisekisa ukubonakaliswa kobunqweneli bemihlali abanesidingo sokugcina okanye ukugcinwa;
• Ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko, amalungelo kunye neminqweno esemthethweni yezigulane;
• Inkxaso karhulumente yamashishini angomthetho kunye nabantu ngabanye, imisebenzi yabo ibandakanya ukukhuthazwa kogcini kunye nokugcinwa.

I-FZ No. 48 (njengoko ichitshiyelwe ngoNovemba 28, 2015) ilungisa kwakhona imigaqo-siseko yomsebenzi okhutshwe ngawo. Nantsi kubalulekile ukugqamisa:

• Ukulawulwa ngononophelo kokusebenza kwemisebenzi ngabagcini kunye nabaphathiswa;
• Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye neemfuno zabathengi;
• Ukwamkelwa kwamahhala ngabemi bomsebenzi wabo kwindawo ekuqwalaselwe ngayo.

Ngokwahlukileyo kuyimfuneko ukuxelela ngemisebenzi kunye namalungelo eembutho ezihambelana nombuso.

Amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi yokugcinwa kwamatyala kunye namatyala e-trusteeship

Umthetho 48-FZ "Kwi-Trusteeship" kwiSahluko 2 ugcina amagunya amakhulu kunye nemisebenzi yamatyala karhulumente asebenzisa amandla kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Ziziphi iimeko? Ngokutsho kweCandelo le-6, lawa ngamagqeba olawulo lwengingqi.

Imisebenzi yezo ziko ziquka ezi zilandelayo:

• Ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko, amalungelo kunye neminqweno esemthethweni yabantu abafuna ukugcinwa okanye ukugcinwa ngabemi;
• Ukulawulwa komgangatho wokusebenza kwemisebenzi yabo ngabagcini kunye nabaphathiswa;
• Ukulawula ukugcinwa kwepropati yabantwana phantsi kolawulo lwabantu abachaphazelekayo okanye imibutho.

Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngokuhambelana ne-48-FZ "Kwi-guardianship and trusteeship", imizimba karhulumente enemibuzo inezinto ezilandelayo zamalungelo:

• Isibheno kwiinkantolo ngesitatimende malunga nesidingo sokubonga abemi ngabanye njengabantu abangafanelekanga okanye abanokwenza okuthile;
• Ukukhululwa komthetho kwabaphathiswa okanye abagcini bemisebenzi ekusebenzeni kwabo;
• Ukumela iimfuno zabantwana ngexesha leenkqubo;
• Ukukhutshwa kweemvume zokuhlala ngokuzibandakanya okanye ngokwahlukileyo kwabaphathiswa okanye abagcini beewadi;
• Ukuhlolwa kweemeko zokuhlala kwindawo apho amagumbi ahlala khona, kunye namanye amagunya.

Ngoko-ke, umthetho ulawula ngokucacileyo imimiselo ephambili enxulumene nesimo somthetho sazo zonke izifundo zesenzo esiqhelekileyo.

Kwimeko esemthethweni yabatrasti kunye nabagcini

I-48-FZ "Kwi-guardianship and guardianship" ilungiselela imimiselo echaza isimo semithetho yezifundo zomthetho. Ngaloo ndlela, iCandelo le-10 lijongene nenkqubo yokuqaphela abemi abanethuba lokuba ngabameli bezomthetho. Nazi iimfuno ezilandelayo:

• Umgcini okanye umphathiswa unikeza imvume ebhaliweyo;
• Isigaba sokuqala sokulondolozwa siphumelele ngempumelelo;
• Guardian okanye i-trustee ngumntu onamandla, omdala, ummi onamandla onomsebenzi.

UMthetho we-Federal No. 48-FZ "Kwi-Guardianship and Trusteeship" useka inamba enkulu yemithetho, imithetho kunye neenkcukacha eziphathelele ekumisweni nasekulawuleni iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo, kubalulekile ukugqamisa amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi yabemi ngokwabo, abameli bezomthetho zabantwana.

Imisebenzi yabameli bezomthetho

Isiqendu 15 sichaza ukuba amagunya kunye nemisebenzi yabaphathiswa kunye nabagcini balawulwa yiNkqubo zoLuntu kunye neNtsapho. Abagcini be-Guardians, ngokomthetho, bangabameli bezomthetho bomntwana, ngoko ke banyanzelekile ukukhusela amalungelo kunye nezinto abanomdla ngazo zonke iindlela. Abemi abafumene imo yabameli bezomthetho mabazise ngokukhawuleza iziphathamandla ezifanelekileyo malunga nokutshintsha kweendawo zokuhlala okanye ukungabikho kwexeshana kwidilesi.

Iiprasti kunye nabagadi bamalungelo banelungelo lokufumana unyango, imfundo, yengqondo, yomthetho kunye naluphi na olunye uncedo. Kwakhona, umthetho ulawula amalungelo omhlaba wabemi. Baza kuxutyushwa phambili.

Kwimalungelo epropati yamatrasti kunye nabalondolozi

Umthetho usungula umgaqo owodwa obaluleke kakhulu: iiwadi ayinayo amalungelo epropati kwipropati yabameli bawo. Kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, abaxrasti okanye i-trasti banokuthi bafune ipropati yeewadi. Oku kufaka izibonelelo, ipensheni, i-alimony, inzuzo kunye nezinye iintlawulo zentlalo.

Umthetho woLuntu ubeka ubunini obufanayo besakhiwo seentsapho ezinamawadi kunye nabalondolozi. Ngaloo ndlela, abahlali abasemthethweni banelungelo lokusebenzisa ipropati yabameli bezomthetho ngemvume yabo. Iiprasti kunye nabagadi bamalungelo abanalo ilungelo lokusebenzisa ipropati yewadi ngenxa yeminqweno yabo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ipropati yeewadi iphantsi kokukhuselwa. Umgangatho wesigqeba No. 48-FZ "Kwi-guardianship and guardiance" ilungisa lo mgaqo. Ukukhuselwa kwipropati yencinci eyenziwa ngabameli bakhe abasemthethweni. I-inventory yepropati ekhoyo kufuneka yenziwe.

Ukulahlwa kwepropati

I-Guardians kunye ne-trustees iyakhupha ipropati yewadi kuphela emva kokusayina umqulu okhethekileyo owenziwe ngumlawuli wokugcina. Njengoko sele kukhankanywe, ukulahlwa kwepropati yomntwana akufanele kuqhutyelwe iinjongo zomntu. Ngoko, kuvunyelwe ukufaka imali yewadi kwi-akhawunti yebhanki okanye ukuthenga i-inshurensi. Akuvumelekile ukungena kwizivumelwano zemali-mboleko okanye izivumelwano zemboleko egameni lomntu onoxanduva. Umthetho uthetha ngomthwalo wokutshintshwa kwepropati yentsana kumboleko okanye ukusebenzisa.

Isiqendu 20 sichaza ukuba impahla engatshintshiyo ayinakuhlukaniswa ngaphandle kwezi zilandelayo:

• Ukutyunjwa kwerenti efanelekileyo kwi-trust;
• Ukunyanzeliswa kokunyanzeliswa;
• Ukutyunjwa kwezindlu zangaphandle kwiimeko zomntu obalaseleyo (isidingo sokonyango olubi kakhulu kwiwadi, njl);
• Utshintsho lweendawo zokuhlala umntu omele alondolozwe.

Isiqendu 22 sihlinzekela ilungelo lomphathiswa ukuba lifune ukungabikho kwemali eyenziwa ngabaxumi bakhe ngaphandle kwemvume yommeli.

Ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi yabameli bezomthetho

I-48-FZ "Kwi-Guardianship and Trusteeship eRussian Federation" ichaza imfuneko yokulawulwa ngamanyathelo karhulumente afanelekileyo kubameli bezingane ezingaphantsi. Olu lululo lwenziwa njani?

Amabhunga ogciniweyo kunye namaziko e-trusteeship kufuneka akhokelwe yimimiselo eyakhiwe nguRhulumente waseRussia Federation. Kwixesha elithile lexesha, abameli beemvume ezifanelekileyo kufuneka bafike kwindawo yokuhlala yabalindi, kwaye baqhube iimviwo zokufaneleka zezindlu kunye nezimo zokuhlala. Ukhuseleko lwepropati yewadi, ukulungelelanisa ukwaneliseka kwezidingo zakhe ezisisiseko kuqinisekiswa. Ngokwahlukileyo wachaza uxanduva lwabantu abangagunyaziswanga ukunika ingxelo kwii-arhente zemiba yangaphakathi kwiingxelo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo encinci phantsi kwewadi. Amalungelo afanayo afakwe ngamagada ngokwabo: banokubhenela malunga nezenzo okanye ukuchithwa kwamatrasti abo okanye abagcini bentetho enkundleni.

I-Guardians kunye ne-trustees kufuneka ukuba benze iirekhodi ezizodwa baze bazithumele kwiziphathamandla ezifanelekileyo zingadlulanga umhla kaFebhuwari ngonyaka ngamnye. Iingxelo mazibe neenkcukacha malunga nesimo sepropati yewadi, indawo yokugcina okanye yokubhalisa. Ingxelo ivunywe ngumgcini wolawulo kunye ne-trusteeship igunya kwaye igcinwe kwifayili yakho.

Malunga noxanduva

Ngokutsho kwe-48-FZ ka-24.04.2008 "Kwi-guardianship", i-trustees kunye nabagcini bajongene nokwenza imisebenzi ngenxa yeewadi zabo. Uxanduva kulolu hlobo lulawulwa ngumthetho wabantu. Abamele abameli bomntwana kufuneka balandele ingozi eyenziwe kwipropati yewadi. Ukuba i-guilt of guardians okanye i-trustees isungulwe, iziphathamandla zomgwebo ziza kwenza isenzo esikhethekileyo kwaye zibonelele ummi onetyala ukuba ahlawule umonakalo obangelwe kwiwadi.

Ngokwahlukileyo, uxanduva lwabameli bezomthetho lulawulwa yiNkqubo yePalato yeRussian Federation. Ngenxa yokubangela ingozi kwimpilo yengqondo okanye yempilo yomntu ogcinwe, abenzi bobubi kufuneka banikwe ubulungisa.

Igunya logcini kunye nokugcinwa kolawulo likwaxanduva. Oku kuboniswe kwiSiqendu 28 soMthetho we-Federal of April 24, 2008 (48-FZ "Kwi-Guardianship and Guardiance"). Ukulawula phezu komzekelo kwenziwa ngamagosa avela kwinqanaba elilawulayo lombuso weSihloko saseRashiya. Ngaloo nto, ukuba i-arhenti yokubambisa ingozi yenze iingozi kumawadi ngenxa yokungahambi okanye izenzo ezingekho mthethweni, ngoko ke ityala liya kuqalwa ngokuhambelana nomthetho we-Russian Federation.

Ekupheleni kokugcina okanye ukugcinwa

Ngokuhambelana neCandelo 29 loMthetho wama-48 we-Federal "On Guardianship" (kunye nezimvo kunye noshintsho ngoNovemba 28, 2015), ukugcinwa okanye ukugcina kufuneka kugqitywe kwezi zilandelayo:

• Ukufa kwewadi okanye ummeli wezomthetho;
• Ukuphela kwesatifiketi sokuqeshwa komphathiswa okanye umgcini;
• Ukukhululwa okanye ukususwa kwe-trustee okanye umgcini kumsebenzi wabo.

I-Guardians okanye i-trustees banokuthi bayenqaba ukuphumeza imisebenzi yabo. Igosa likarhulumente elifanelekileyo liya kubakhulula ukuba ngaba zilandelayo zimo:

• Ukuchithwa kweminqweno esemthethweni yewadi;
• Ukusebenza okungalunganga kwemisebenzi;
• Ukufumanisa ukuphulwa okhethekileyo ngumzimba karhulumente.

Inkxaso ka rhu lumente

Isahluko sesi-7 somthetho osombululayo sibeka iifom eziphambili zenkxaso karhulumente kubantu kunye namashishini angomthetho abasebenzisa ukugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana.

Apha unokwahlula:

• Ukubeka inani leenzuzo kunye neenzuzo kwiewadi;
• Ukumiselwa kwemali yeentlawulo zeemfuno zabameli bezomthetho.

Iimali ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeke kummandla weRussian Federation.