Water-ityuwa umsebenzi umntu yokwabelana, nokulawuleka ukungathobeli

ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo umzimba womntu isethi entsonkothileyo kakhulu iziqu ezininzi iinkqubo, enye yazo exchange ngamanzi-ityuwa. Xa sikwimo eqhelekileyo, indoda Musa ukungxama ukuphucula impilo yabo, kodwa kamsinya nje ngokwenene kukho izinxaxhi ebonakalayo, abaninzi nangoko zama ukusebenzisa amanyathelo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba zange yenzeke le nto, kungcono ukuba wazi ukuba yintoni na ukutya ngamanzi netyuwa, yaye kutheni na kubaluleke kangaka nje ukuba zikwimeko entle. Kwakhona kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha amalungelo zalo ezisisiseko neendlela ukubuyisela.

Yintoni na?

Amanzi kunye netyiwa Exchange - kudityaniswe omnye komnye electrolytes angenayo ulwelo emzimbeni, kunye neempawu eziphambili nokwenziwa labo kunye nokusasazwa ngakumbi izicwili zangaphakathi, amalungu, bume, kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zinomgutyulo yabo ivela emzimbeni womntu.

Into yokuba abantu babo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha eyenziwe ngamanzi, wonke umntu uyazi ukususela ebuntwaneni, ibe kunokuba umdla kukuba isixa kolwelo emzimbeni yahluka kwaye ugqibe inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo yezinto, kuquka ubudala, iyonke mass amafutha, ngokunjalo phakathi kwabo electrolytes ezininzi. Ukuba usana ungumntu ephuma emanzini malunga-77%, lo mntu omdala ibandakanya% 61 kuphela, nabafazi - bonke 54%. Ngoko umxholo yamanzi ephantsi emzimbeni kwabafazi kungenxa yokuba ukutya namanzi-netyuwa ezahlukeneyo kancinane, kwakunye langoku inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo leseli ngamanqatha.

iimpawu eziphambili

Imali iyonke ulwelo emzimbeni womntu umiselwe malunga ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Malunga ne-65% unikwa ukuba ulwelo intracellular yaye enxulumene ne-phosphate kunye potassium, ezo anion kwee-, ngokulandelelana kwazo.
• Malunga ne-35% na ulwelo extracellular, leyo ngokubanzi kwemithambo yegazi kwaye izihlunu, kunye ulwelo Embi.

Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba amanzi emzimbeni womntu sikwimo simahla, babambelela ngokungaguquki colloids, okanye abachaphazeleka ngqo kulo ukusekwa nokucazululwa kuka protein, amafutha kunye ekudleni iimolekyuli. Okwangoku izicwili ezahlukeneyo ubenesahlulo esahlukileyo amanzi abotshelelweyo, ezamahala wababopha, ukusuka apho nayo ummiselo oxhomekeke ngqo ngamanzi netyuwa exchange.

Xa kuthelekiswa plasma yegazi, kwakunye ulwelo oluthile intercellular, izicwili luphawulwa ubukho izixa ezikhulu ngokwaneleyo magnesium, potassium kunye phosphate, kwaye ayikho lamanani nkulu icalcium, isodiyam, chlorine yehayidrojini unako akwisinye. Lo mahluko ubangelwa kukuba kodonga capillary kweziyi na permeability eliphantsi.

ulawulo eyiyo emzimbeni wamanzi-ityuwa kubantu abasempilweni kuqinisekisa nje kuphela nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi abasisigxina, kodwa anenani elifunekayo iincindi zomzimba, kukuhlala acid-base, kwakunye kakhulu twatse xi efunekayo kwezinto osmotically esebenzayo.

ummiselo

Kufuneka baqonde kakuhle ukuba asebenze njani nethe amanzi amtyuba. imisebenzi ummiselo yenziwa ziinkqubo eziliqela nokomzimba. Okokuqala receptors ezizodwa baphendule utshintsho ezahlukeneyo lwee- arhente osmotically esebenzayo, ion, electrolytes, kwaye umthamo langoku fluid. Kamva la maza zithunyelwa inkqubo luvo, uze kuphela umzimba uqalisa ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ngokunjalo kude kwaso kunye neetyuwa kubalulekile, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, inkqubo exchange amanzi amtyuba ilawulwa.

Kukhuthaza ion, amanzi, kunye electrolytes nezintso iphantsi kolawulo ngqo e-nervous system kunye ezahlukeneyo hormone. Ngexesha ummiselo wamanzi netyuwa lotshintshiselwano inxaxheba physiologically izinto esebenzayo ekuveliseni kwizintso. Umxholo sodium lilonke umzimba gqolo zilungiswe kwi kidney aphantsi CNS elawulwa nge natrioretseptory ezikhethekileyo gqolo isabela isenzeko naluphi na utshintsho isiqulatho sodium ngaphakathi neencindi zomzimba kwakunye osmoreceptors kwaye volyumoretseptory gqolo nokuhlalutya uxinzelelo osmotic le extracellular kunye nomthamo elijikeleza ulwelo.

Kuba ummiselo exchange potassium ngaphakathi emzimbeni womntu aphendule inkqubo luvo, esebenzisa iintlobo kunaniselwano hormone ngamanzi netyuwa, kunye corticosteroids ezahlukeneyo kuquka insulin aldosterone.

Ummiselo yeKhlorini exchange kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi umgangatho nezi ntso, idubule ion awo avele kwiimeko nenzuzo kunye nomchamo. Imali iyonke kwazona sodium chloride kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi kukutya kwabantu, umsebenzi sodium reabsorption, ukulungelelana esiti-base, umatshini sezintso tubular karhulumente, kunye nezinye izinto. Wonaniselwano chloride inxulumene ngqo ngokutshintshiselana amanzi, ngoko ke ummiselo wamanzi netyuwa sokufudumeza umzimba kuchaphazela inani neminye imiba ye kwindlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Yintoni eqhelekileyo?

inani Huge lweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo komzimba emzimbeni wethu, ixhomekeke ngqo kwi-mali iyonke neetyuwa kunye ulwelo. Okwangoku kwakusazeka ukuba ukuze uphephe ukugxojwa emzimbeni wamanzi-ityuwa, umntu ngosuku kufuneka usele malunga 30 ml amanzi ikhilogramu bodyweight nganye. Esi sixa kwanele ukuba unikeze umzimba wethu isixa lasekunene kwezimbiwa. Amanzi iphalale yona phezu iiseli ezahlukeneyo semithambo izihlunu kunye namalungu, kwakunye ukunyibilikisa kunye iphume iimveliso ezahlukeneyo inkunkuma. Xa uninzi kwiimeko-avareji yenani wamanzi asetyenziswa ngexesha le mini umntu ngokoqobo engaphenduli ngaphezu kweelitha ezimbini ezinesiqingatha, yaye lo mqulu ezikhandelwa kudla into efana nale:

• kwilitha 1 sifumana ukutya;
• yamanzi ezilitha 1.5 - ngeendleko lokusela amanzi plain;
• 0.3-0.4 iilitha - ukuyilwa igcwala amanzi.

Ummiselo amanzi exchange ityuwa eziphilayo ixhomekeke ngqo kwi ukulingana phakathi ubungakanani irisithi yayo kunye ukukhululwa ithuba elithile. Ukuba emini umzimba kufuneka ukufumana malunga 2.5 yeelitha, kulo mzekelo, malunga imali efanayo ziya kwazona emzimbeni.

Amanzi abelane ityuwa emzimbeni womntu kulawulwa imiceli seentlobo iimpendulo neuroendocrine, ezo zijolise ukugcina uzinzo umthamo rhoqo, kwakunye xi osmotic lwecandelo extracellular, kwaye oko kubaluleke kakhulu - plasma yegazi. Nangona iindlela ezahlukeneyo ulungiso parameter data ezimeleyo, omabini ukubaluleka phezulu kakhulu.

Ngenxa loo mgaqo ifunyanwa ngokuxhasa amanqanaba yoxinaniso iyizinzise of ion kunye electrolytes iqanjwa ulwelo extracellular kunye intracellular. Phakathi umzimba iphambili ukuba kubeke potassium, isodiyam, calcium nezinki, ngoxa anions - hydrogen, chlorine, sulphate kunye phosphate.

ulwaphulo-mthetho

Akwenzeki ukuba achaze inxalenye yesinyithi nethe emanzini-ityuwa, njengoko kule nqubo inani elikhulu lwemizimba ezahlukeneyo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba inkqubo yomzimba ngazo iintlobo kwephulwa, ebonisa isifundo, umi ngaphandle zilandelayo phakathi kwayo:

• ivela nokudumba;
• wayenemfuyo eninzi kolwelo ngaphakathi emzimbeni, okanye, icala, ukuswela yayo;
• kophulwa umthetho balance electrolyte;
• ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa kwi uxinzelelo lwegazi osmotic;
• kutshintsha kwi balance acid-base;
• ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa kwi xi ezinye unako ezithile.

izibonelo

Kuyimfuneko ukuba uqonde ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba bahlazisane ngemizimba abaninzi inxaxheba ekumiseleni ukutya ngamanzi netyuwa, ngoko ke uninzi amatyala asiyi kuba kwaoko ukuba ukumisela isizathu esithile le ngxaki. Ngokomthetho balance lwamanzi ebekiweyo ngqo ubungakanani bamanzi yaziswa kwaye lisuswe umzimba wethu, yaye nakuphi na ukwaphulwa yile ncoko elidityaniswe ngqo ngebhalansi electrolyte iqale ukuvela ngohlobo ukuxovwa emzimbeni. Ibinzana ekugqibeleni obugqithisileyo - oku ukudumba, oko kukuthi ulwelo kakhulu emzimbeni ezahlukeneyo umzimba, kwizikhewu intercellular kunye nemingxuma serous, nto leyo sikhatshwa electrolyte ukungalingani.

Xa oku emzimbeni, yena, yahlulwe ngeentlobo ezimbini eziphambili:

• ngaphandle imali elingana ukuse- apho kukho unxano okuqhubekayo, kunye namanzi equlethwe iiseli, inikezelwa kwisithuba Embi;
• ilahleko sodium elivela ngqo kwiincindi extracellular kwaye iqhele ezingahambi lunxano.

zezigulo ezahlukeneyo of balance amanzi wabonakalaliswa kwimeko apho zancitshiswa okanye ukwanda ulwelo elijikeleza iyonke. livela ukwanda ngokugqithiseleyo polyplasmia ngenxa, oko kukuthi, ukwandisa inani lilonke igazi emanzini.

Exchange of sodium

Ulwazi iimeko ezahlukeneyo zophendlo lwezifo apho kukho utshintsho ekwakhiweni ionic plasma yegazi okanye lwee- ion ethile apho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umahluko lokufunyaniswa eziliqela izifo. zezigulo ezahlukeneyo kule sodium sokufudumeza eziphilayo kuloo nto ukuzibhubhisa okanye ukungabikho utshintsho ezahlukeneyo kwi GhostScript wayo wonke umzimba. Le yokugqibela lwenzeka phambi mali eqhelekileyo okanye zatshintshwa sodium.

Deficiency ingaba:

• True. Kungenxa ukulahleka kwamanzi, kunye isodiyam, apho iifayile esibonakaliswa komzimba inani elingonelanga ityuwa kunye umbilo namandla kakhulu, polyuria, ukutsha kakhulu, kwesisu isithintelo, kunye nezinye iinkqubo basebaninzi.
• Relative. Ngamana ukuphuhlisa nxamnye nolawulo ngokugqithisileyo izisombululo zolwelo ngeqondo engaphezu zinomgutyulo kwamanzi nezintso.

Uchatha kwakhona kuyahluka ngendlela efanayo:

• True. Yenziwa umguli esingenakubangela naliphi na izisombululo ityuwa, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu yetyuwa eqhelekileyo, ezahlukeneyo ulibaziseko kukhuthaza sodium yi nezintso, kwakunye imveliso ngokugqithisileyo okanye ulawulo ngokugqithisileyo elide of glucocorticoids.
• Relative. Sivame phambi emzimbeni kwaye yintoni unobangela ngqo eninzi fluid kunye nophuhliso ngakumbi zonke iintlobo ukudumba.

nezinye iingxaki

ephule enkulu kutshintshiselwano potassium apho phantse ngokupheleleyo (98%) ifumaneka kulwelo intracellular imelwe hyperkalemia kunye hypokalemia.

Hypokalemia kwenzeka phambi izixa ngokugqithiseleyo imveliso, okanye kwimeko ukungenisa evela ngaphandle glucocorticoids okanye aldosterone, obe ubaqhiphukisa secretion potassium ngamandla kakhulu kweli kwizintso. Kwakhona kwenzeka kwimeko kulawulo efakwa, iindidi izisombululo okanye potassium zaneleyo engena emzimbeni kunye nokutya.

Hyperkalemia yi yoko rhoqo yokwenzakala, ukudla kunciphise umthamo wegazi kunye nolawulo ngokugqithisileyo izisombululo ezahlukeneyo potassium.

ukululama

Bunjani exchange amanzi amtyuba kwizintso usebenzisa amalungiselelo ezizodwa zoxubo mayeza olulungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukuba uguqule isiqulatho elipheleleyo electrolyte, ion hydrogen kunye namanzi. Inkxaso hlengiso izinto eziphambili homeostasis ngokuncama umsebenzi obanzi excretory, yonyango kunye neenkqubo zemiphunga. Nayiphi na, nkqu tshintsho engephi umxholo amanzi okanye electrolytes kunokukhokelela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, ezinye ezo nokuba ukusongela ubomi babantu.

Yintoni emiselweyo?

Bunjani emanzini-ityuwa umntu yokwabelana, sebenzisa oku kulandelayo:

• Asparangiat magnesium potassium. Kwiimeko nenzuzo wabelwa kuphela esetyenziswa ukuncedisana ne-nothomalaliso ezisisiseko ukusilela intliziyo kwenzeka, zezigulo ezahlukeneyo kwesingqisho intliziyo kwenzeka okanye iposi engabalulekanga. Lula Ugxile xa kuthatyathwa ngomlomo, uze emva koko kwazona yi nezintso.
• Sodium yesoda. Ngokomthetho wabelwa phambi lwesifo isilonda duodenal kunye nesisu, lactic metabolic, kwakunye gastritis ne asidi leyo kwenzeka xa ukunxila, usuleleko, okanye isifo seswekile, kwaye ngeli xesha postoperative. Ngokwaneleyo neutralizes ngokukhawuleza esiswini acid ityuwa, kwaye ikwanika isiphumo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu esesiwini kwaye iphucula recovery iyonke gastrin kusebenze zasesekondari secretion.
• Sodium chloride. Kucingelwa phambi ilahleko enkulu ulwelo extracellular okanye kukho ukutya ngendlela eyanelisayo. Kwakhona, oogqirha bacebisa kaninzi ngokwaneleyo ukulisebenzisa hyponatremia, chloropenia, emathunjini kunye intoxications ezahlukeneyo. Esi sixhobo sele amanzi kunye detoxication ukusebenza, kwaye kananjalo inika ukunqongophala kwakhona sodium phambi iimeko ezahlukeneyo zophendlo lwezifo.
• Sodium citrate. Oku kusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa nokuzinziswa parameters igazi. It is a Umatshini calcium, kwakunye inhibitor of coagulation kwegazi. Kamva kwandisa isiqulatho lilonke sodium emzimbeni kwaye yandisa igazi oovimba kwealkali, ebonelela nemiphumo emihle.
• Hydroxyethyl starch. Asetyenziswe kwimisebenzi nkqubo, kwakunye ukutsha, ukonzakala, hemorrhages etsolo kunye nezifo ezininzi ezosulelayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, uya kuba nako ukubuyisela nethe ngamanzi netyuwa kunye imbuyekezo umzimba ukuba operation yesiqhelo. Khetha kwindlela ethile unyango kufuneka kuphela ugqirha oqeqeshwe kakhulu, njengomzimba wakho, ungenza kakhulu mandundu imeko.