Umhlaba lo kumathafa: inkcazo kunye abalinganiswa of

Emathafeni - kwintsimi enkulu kunye nemozulu ngqwabalala. Yintoni izityalo nako ukusinda kwezi meko, yintoni uhlobo lomhlaba obugubungele permafrost, njengoko isetyenziswa yezolimo, ukufunda eli nqaku.

inkcazelo emathafeni

Le ndawo indalo ithatha indawo enkulu ukusuka Kola ukuya kwi Chukotka Peninsula. Umda wabo kwesifo yi-Arctic Ocean. Tundra sezulu esibonakala kubushushu obuphantsi umoya, ihlobo elifutshane busika kuhleliyo ukuya kwiinyanga ezilithoba ngonyaka.

uphawu le kumathafa ixesha ebandayo enxulumene ebhudla esemazantsi evela emhlabeni nomsinga. Ehlotyeni kukho zezulu eziguquguqukayo kunye imimoya lasemantla rhoqo kwaye womelele. Bazise snap ebandayo kunye ezina, inani ngonyaka ifikelela ngemilimitha ezine. Snow egubungele umhlaba inkoliso nyaka, ukuya iintsuku ezimakhulu mabini anamanci asixhenxe.

Yintoni uhlobo lomhlaba kwi kumathafa? Le ndawo luphawulwa umgquba Bog nemihlaba okwanamhlanje podzolic. Uphawu Uphawu kuba phambi nezimbuku. nokudaleka inxulunyaniswa permafrost, leyo iipropati manzi.

emathafeni Russian - endaweni ka ingxinano eliphantsi labemi. Ulikhaya abantu bomthonyama: i Nenets, Chukchi, Yakuts, Sami kunye nabanye. umsebenzi wabo eyintloko kwalusa. Inkcazelo emathafeni akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuchaza iindawo kwemigodi, ezifana negolide, apatite, nepheline esikrwada ngaphezulu. imizila kaloliwe musa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno olukhula yabemi. Oku kubangelwa permafrost, nto leyo ethintela ulwakhiwo lweendlela.

Yintoni ke emathafeni?

Emathafeni - i indawo zendalo, edulusele ngaphaya kwemida elisemntla kwezityalo yehlathi. It is a nendawo permafrost, ukuba zange zizaliswe amanzi iilwandle kunye nemilambo. Lubonakala yi ubukhulu becala, ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, oko kuchaphazela iimeko zemozulu ngaphakathi kwindawo yayo. Ngoko ke, ezi zilandelayo iintlobo kumathafa:

• Arctic. Anazo isiqithi igama elifanayo, Bathiwe wambu moss, ulele kunye nezityalo eneentyatyambo kunqabile. Laba Perennials kunye amatyholo ezincinane. Apha willow eqhelekileyo, imithi Uphunguphungu, nto leyo edla ngokuba nengca kuropatochey. zengca ingaphelelwayo zimelwe imbewu poppy polar, sedge curl, ezinye okuziinkozo kunye saxifrage.
• ukwabiwa Geographical le Umbala wasentla lowo umda nezwe. Baya zahlukile Arctic ukuba utyani endaweni zavalwa. tundra Soil alithoba ekhulwini wayifulela ulele eluhlaza zaziya kunye ubulembu. Kukho moss ekhulayo. izityalo ezininzi iya ohlukeneyo. Ngaba kufumaneka luzula, saxifrage okanye yedwa viviparous. Of imithana - cranberries, iiblueberries, irozmeri, willow, ezinde etyumke ubudoda.

• kumathafa South Russian, kwakunye emantla, izityalo ezahlukeneyo eqhubekayo esigquma amacandelo emhlabeni. Kumqolo ongentla esilawulwa willow kunye ezinde, nenomlanga, nge-avareji - imithana kunye nengca, ngelixa izinga lokuqaqamba ephantsi bobabo ulele kunye ubulembu.

Njani izityalo ukukhula kwiimeko ezinzima?

Tundra sezulu kuye kwanyanzeleka izityalo ezininzi ukuze bafumane ebizwa ngokuba yi-devices. Umzekelo, utyala apho luphinde ludubuleke okanye Stel ukukhasa kumphezulu womhlaba kunye amagqabi abayiqokeleleyo iplagi, esebenzisa umphezulu umoya zikhabane. flora azikhuli kuyanceda kusinda ikhephu.

Ehlotyeni izityalo lwa ukulondolozwa kokufuma, ukunciphisa amagqabi ubukhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ubuso ngumphunga lifinyele, nto leyo ekhuthaza nokugcinwa ulwelo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye Uphunguphungu iinkuni willow polar zixhobo eyabo ukuya kusinda. Ngomhla elingaphantsi izityalo pubescence elingqingqwa, nto leyo ethintela intshukumo umoya. Oku kuyanceda ukuba zinciphisa ukuphuma komphunga. Xa emathafeni ubukhulu becala ukukhula Perennials. Ezinye zazo viviparous, oko kukuthi, iziqhamo kunye imbewu indawo iibhalbhu kunye amatswele. kungekudala ezinjalo izityalo umile. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ufumane ixesha elixabisekileyo.

Xa emathafeni intle?

Oku waphawula kabini ngonyaka. Ixesha lokuqala kumathafa intle ngo Agasti. Ngexesha nokwanda cloudberry kumathafa ukutshintsha luhlaza obomvu, yaye oko kuya kuba sesilungile xa amaqunube kwi-yellow eqaqambileyo. Cloudberry ke isizalwane ikufutshane le raspberry kwaye ibhekisela njengohlaza ongatshiyo. Yayo ibangelwa nje obubhenqwe enameva kunye neentyatyambo kakhulu ngakumbi. An into umdla kukuba iziqhamo ezikrwada zibomvu kunye ezivuthiweyo --orenji. Abahlali baqonde cloudberries emathafeni. Ukususela amaqunube yayo kuphekwa jam. Fruits asetyenziswa ifomu zihlaliswe futhi iyabiliswa.

Okwesibini ubuhle kumathafa awasiwisayo ngoSeptemba kuba kule nyanga kuthiwa ekwindla segolide. amagqabi omthi tyheli, kuyo yonke ibengezelayo. Eli xesha abavuni mushroom ozithandayo. umhlaba emathafeni ngeli xesha ukuze evumayo ukuba apha ukukhula amakhowa, oya kufikelela kubude imithi zomthonyama. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba akukho wormy.

zemihlaba gley

Kwinkangeleko bathi kuyela umhlaba: obambe nodongwe. Situ kukho amathafa Ridged glacial. Permafrost nomkhe- ukuya kubunzulu amahlanu ukuya ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu cm. Imihlaba emathafeni-gley ukuba leached ngokupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, iquka akukho neetyuwa ngokulula enyibilikayo kunye carbonates.

Kodwa bazizityebi iimveliso yemozulu kunye nesiqulatho nezichumisi kolundi eliphezulu ekhulwini ezilishumi. Peaty kunye nomgquba, nomhlaba lo kumathafa ziqulathe amane ekhulwini wamatye. subzones ezahlukeneyo impendulo olungalinganiyo kwimihlaba. Xa indawo enye oko asidi, enye - asidi kancinane, kwaye eyesithathu - cala.

umhlaba isakhiwo morphological

• Umaleko phezulu luhlobo inkunkuma semidecomposed ubulembu kunye ulele. umthamo wayo iisentimitha emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu.
• Horizon, ezibandakanya wamatye ekrwada okanye umthamo isivundisi ngeesentimitha eziyi-ukuya ku elinambini. Le brown obambe emnyama ofumileyo okanye umbala emnyama ingwevu kunye neengcambu uqweqwe munye. umhlaba onjalo Kuye i umda engacwangciswanga kunye utshintsho ecacileyo.
• Horizon, enesakhono ngeesentimitha ezisibhozo ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini. Ibizwa ngokuba illuvial. Ukubotshwa zipeyintwe imvelaphi - omdaka namabala umhlwa kwaye baluthuthu eliluhlaza hina. It esifaneleyo osisivunda ngeengcambu ezininzi.
• esifaneleyo Gley. amandla ayo - amabini ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu cm. Yintoni uhlobo lomhlaba kwi kumathafa? It has a umbala omdaka kunye nombala kweso oluhlaza. Ngamanye amaxesha imvelaphi amabala irusi ebonakalayo. Le esifaneleyo obambe, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo - thixotropic. ukufuma ezahlukeneyo kunye imali encinane ezingcanjini.
• esifaneleyo Illuvial. amandla ayo - iisentimitha ezilishumi elinesihlanu. Gqiyazana bengaphuhlanga ngokulinganayo, imvelaphi sinombala. Kukho amabala amnyama eliluhlaza engwevu umhlwa. Horizon osisivunda, emanzi ngokwaneleyo, kunye imali encinane ezingcanjini. Basezantsi wabona iqabaka. Amaxesha amaninzi thixotropic.
• Omnyama esifaneleyo gley basebumnyameni umbala oluhlaza-hina. Iqulethe ngemithambo ezininzi ngumkhenkce.

Yintoni lo mkhuba thixotropy?

Le yimeko apho umhlaba omanzi phantsi koxinzelelo ngomatshini bayakwazi ukutshintsha isimo salo izihlwele viscous-zeplastiki ukuya entlabathini. Emva kwexesha elithile, umhlaba abuyela endaweni yaso. Kwaye ukufuma ayikho lifinyele. emathafeni Continental kunqabile sinotyekelo lo mkhuba thixotropy, leyo kunciphisa subzones ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi. Oku kukwasebenza gley imihlaba.

Ukusebenzisa imihlaba emathafeni kwezolimo

Isebe ephambili kwimveliso kwi Arctic kumathafa is a adle. kancinci kakhulu, kodwa ihamba kunye nezolimo. Kwezinye iindawo zaqala ukukhula iitapile, ikhaphetshu, isithombo, iminqathe, theniphu kunye neminye imifuno. Izikhululo zovavanyo kunye karhulumente ezifama kunye nokukhulisa ezinye izityalo.

Ukwakha ilizwe entsha, ithathele ingqalelo imiba ezibi leyo imihlaba wethafa yinqobo kuye. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi engundoqo kulinywe nomhlaba semibhobho zabo, ukusebenza kweenkqubo zebhayoloji, ukuphucula nomoya, ukuphelisa iziphumo eziyingozi luzizi nangaphezulu. Ukuba umhlaba ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo, oko ivundiswe umgquba, umgquba, organic nezichumiso kwezimbiwa. Lomhlaba tundra uvavanyo lwefuthe ukulima lohlukile. Isalathisi ilungileyo le ukuhla permafrost. ukusebenza kwalo ukukhula kwesityalo liyehla kakhulu.