International Red Book: izilwanyana. Ngubani ukhokela Book Red?

. Le Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye XX, ISAZINZULU IsiNgesi J. Darrell sisondela isifaniso: ihlabathi - web ngokubanzi, kwaye ukuba a touch encinane, oko kukuthi, kwi kakuhle, ziya kungcangcazela, yaye okubi - isikhewu ibonakala. Abantu ngenkqubela zobugcisa isaqhwithi ihlabathi, ukudala umngxuma kuyo, nto leyo kusenokwenzeka ukuba zivalwe. Oku kakhulu echaphazela enezityalo nezilwanyana planethi: kuphelelwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, izityalo, nomngundo, ubukho abaninzi kubo uluntu ehlabathini ngoku uyazi kuphela yokomba ngezidalwa zamandulo. Kwaye yintoni ke inzala yethu? Baya kufunda iyantlukwano yangaphambili zehlabathi yezilwanyana imifanekiso encyclopedia kunye imbali?

Uluntu lwaba kungekudala kuza ukuqonda ukuba indalo kufuneka akhuselwe kwaye vika. Isiphumo zinzame ukuba kulondolozwe izityalo nezilwanyana yaba International Red Book. Imbali sendalo yena kakhulu umdla.

Njani i Book Red

Sele akude 1902. Paris Congress of zebhayoloji ehlabathini lonke, umba obalulekileyo - ukhuselo zeentaka. Emva ezininzi iingxelo okokuqala isigqibo senziwa nokhuseleko biodiversity umhlaba yaye isayinwe kwiNgqungquthela yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuKhuselwa Iintaka, leyo ongukhokho oluBomvu Book yanamhlanje.

Kwadlula iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane. Ihlabathi liphela nokuphola yesiBini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. 1948, phantsi kwephiko le-UNESCO, wadala Umbutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente - i-World Conservation Union - IUCN (IUCN). Sele ngo-1949, i-IUCN simisela "umzimba abaziisuphavayiza" - iKhomishini kuhlobo lokusinda.

Iinjongo eziphambili

I-World Conservation Union ichonge umsebenzi engundoqo lokusinda iintlobo eKhomishoni:

• ukufunda ubume lweentlobo ezinqabileyo zezityalo, umngundo kunye nezilwanyana;
• ukuchonga iintlobo nge emngciphekweni omkhulu wokubhanga;
• ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, iindibano;
• iqulunqe uluhlu zezinto eziphilayo ezisengozini;
• ukunika izisombululo ukuze kulondolozwe izityalo ezisengozini.

We ichazwe iinjongo kunye neenjongo, kodwa yintoni elandelayo? Kwaye, njengoko kuqhele ukuba njalo, ukuphunyezwa yalibaziseka ... Sekudlule phantse-20 iminyaka. 1963, intloko ikhomishini Piter Skott inika uluhlu lwe izilwanyana ezisengozini, lo gama apho - i-International Red Book. Amalungu ikomishini wabuza: "Kutheni zibomvu?" Kubani Scott wathi: "Red - umbala ingozi, yaye oko kuthetha ukuba singakwazi nokuba singalahlekani kancinane esinako."

Kungekudala, lo imveliso ukukhanya yokuqala yePhetshana, imiqulu ezimbini, ngathi ikhalenda edesikeni. Wawuhlanganisa iintlobo 312 zeentaka kunye neentlobo-211 ezincancisayo. Le ncwadi wathunyelwa ukuba abamkeli ezithile - ukuze izazinzulu kunye namanani oluntu. Abenzi bemeko- le Tome kwangaphambili ukuba isilwanyana sisenokutshintshwa, ukuze ekuhlaziyeni idatha abamkeli uthumele amakhasi esitsha endaweni endala.

Utshintsho kunye nezongezelelo: a maxesha

De 1980, i-Book Red iprintwe izihlandlo ezithathu: ukutshintsha ifomati, landa inani imiqulu, inkcazelo ezahlukeneyo malunga neentlobo (4 uhlelo th nakala wachacha iintlobo-13), yatshintsha isakhiwo.

Ukususela ngo-1988 ukuya 1998. iya International Red Book - uluhlu lezilwanyana ekuthiwa "Red List of Species Asecicini." Ngowe-5 izintlu epapashwe kangangeminyaka eli-10. Basimisela efana Book oluBomvu, kodwa abe ifomati eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, iintlobo yokuhlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, lo uluhlu iqulathe iiyunithi ezimbini, leyo yahlulwe zohlaza ngakumbi. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba enye zohlaza ngabo yezityalo lasinda ekuthinjweni.

Njengoko izintlu, kwaye International Red Book i-IUCN kunye Conservation World Center Monitoring (Cambridge, UK). Phantsi kwephiko le-IUCN lamawaka amadoda yeKomishoni kwiintlobo ezinqabileyo inxaxheba kuhlalutyo lolwazi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo idatha epapasha iincwadi. Kuyinto ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo, siyazi ukuba uhlobo izilwanyana adinga ukhuseleko, kwaye abanye babo, ngelishwa, asizange sibonwe emhlabeni wethu.

ukubonakala

njani i-International Red Book? Yinto Tome entle umdla, nto leyo into embhoxo umnyama lingaphandle nebomvu umbala oqaqambileyo, kunye namacandelo amibala ezahlukeneyo (obomvu, omnyama, omhlophe, eluhlaza, etyheli, engwevu). Kuba baninzi kuvela umbuzo ukuba apho iNcwadi Red igcinwe. Ngethamsanqa, kodwa ngumba yoluntu, ngoko ke inokufunyanwa naliphi na ithala leencwadi elungileyo. Abanye abathandi bemvelo bakhetha ukuba oko isixhobo encwadini yam ngayo.

Ngoku makhe sithethe ngakumbi kwicandelo ngalinye. Ulwazi malunga amarhamncwa International Red Book ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe ezintandathu:

• eziphilayo;
• izilwanyana ezisengozini kwaye kunqabile;
• Iintlobo ukuba anyamalale ukudla;
• iintlobo ezinqabileyo;
• iintlobo ezincane eyaziwa;
• Izilwanyana zingeyomfuneko ukukhuselwa.

Ngenxa yoko, kulula ukufumana ulwazi malunga isilwanyana ethile.

iintlobo encoding

Abameli icandelo ngalinye lale Ncwadi Red babe encoding zabo.

Kwi kumaphepha abamnyama iphepha wabeka izilwanyana extinct (EX) kunye nezilwanyana extinct ngokwendalo (EW); iphepha elibomvu - iintlobo abasemngciphekweni (VU) kunye ezisengozini ngokunzulu (CR); Yellow Pages - isengozini (VN); kumaphepha amhlophe - iintlobo ezikufutshane kurhulumente abasemngciphekweni (NT); iphepha grey - kunqabile bafunda (CD); Green Amaphepha - iintlobo kunye umngcipheko lisezantsi yokutshabalala (LC).

Loluphi olunye ulwazi iquka i-International Red Book? Iifoto zezilwanyana. Ngokwendalo, phezu amaphepha encwadi ecaleni idata zebhayoloji umfanekiso ekhoyo ezi zilwanyana (ngaphandle wesilwanyana icinyiwe, imbonakalo yayo ukusungulwa okanye umzobo, okanye sebenzisa i computer).

Nantsi i International Red Book. Izilwanyana zithiwe thaca kulo zahlukahlukene. Ngokunxulumene nolwazi inkqubela yenzululwazi uhlala ihlaziywe, ukudibanisa iintlobo ezitsha kwaye ezinye izilwanyana ukutshintsha isimo sabo ngenxa yezenzo zokusingqongileyo. Yaye abuna- ukumkholisa!

iintlelo zengingqi Book Red

Ethetha International Red Book, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba has analogue, umzekelo, i-International Red Book of Ukraine kunye International Red Book of Russia. Izilwanyana, eziqulathe ulwazi uncwadi, aphile (okanye ezaziphila) kwi kwintsimi ekhankanyiweyo.

Kwathi kanti, uhlelo wengingqi Book Red iqulathe inkcazelo ethe vetshe malunga iintlobo, njengoko kuchasene ngamazwe. Le nyaniso kukuba ngenxa yokuba imimandla kwindawo yokuqala indawo kwi izilwanyana uphawu kule ndawo, inani kunye nohlobo eyahluke kakhulu kwi-wonke. Ngoko ke, i data zihlahlelwe ngokukhona kucokisekileyo kwaye ihlaziywa rhoqo.

iincwadi zengingqi nayo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kuguqulelo ngamazwe loyilo, ihlala inshorensi kuphela ebomvu ingatshintshanga.

Ngoku makhe sinikele ingqalelo imizekelo ebalaseleyo zezilo, leyo zisemngciphekweni lokutshabalala kwaye zidweliswe ezisengozini.

International Red Book Amur tiger (Panthera hi vekele altaica)

Amur Tiger (Ussuri) kwi-Book Red kubonisiwe indlela imboniselo encinane (VU) kumantla eRashiya. Nokuba 100 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, inani lezilwanyana zibalwa amawaka, kodwa ngenxa wokuzingela abantu baqalisa ukuba ukwehla kabukhali. Namhlanje i Amur labantu ihlosi ngokulingene 500 abantu.

Olu hlobo - enye abameli embalwa usapho cat eye lungqanyaniswe nemozulu embi le hlathi. A isici esasenza yale nkqutyana --sentimitha ezintlanu inwebu manqatha phezu esiswini, evumela ukuba uthwale ikati ngokugqithiseleyo obushushu aphantsi.

International Red Book: Izilwanyana - ikhephu nengwe (Panthera uncia)

Snow nengwe (irbis, ikhephu ingwe) - ikati enkulu ehlala kwimimandla weentaba Central Asia. De ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, nehlosi ikhephu zinendima ebalulekileyo kurhwebo uboya. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le kuzingela ikhephu nengwe akuvumelekanga, ulwazi malunga isilwanyana iqulethe i-International Red Book. nehlosi Snow zihlelwa neentlobo ezisengozini (EN).

Visayas amade pig (hakona cebifrons)

Visayas amade nehagu uhlala ehlabathini, kuphela ziziqithi ezimbini - Panay kunye Negro (The Ncebakazi Philippine). Ngenxa amanani abemi lokuzingela ngokungakhethi eehagu iminyaka 60 yehliswa njengoko 80%! Ukususela ngo-1998 Visayas amade ihagu awayegade International Red Book. Izilwanyana zithathwa izilwanyana ezisengozini (EN).

Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus)

Quoll (tiger cat) got igama layo ngenxa yokufana yayo marten cat. Namhlanje, le hlobo martens kuhlala abantu ezimbini ekwanti yonxweme Australian (emantla - eQueensland, mpuma - yasemzantsi Queensland ukuya Tasmania). Ulwazi malunga martens amatakane iqulethe i-International Red Book. Izilwanyana ezi zilwanyana kuba iwonga kufutshane imeko abasemngciphekweni (NT).

Largetooth sawfish (Pristis microdon)

Largetooth sawfish (kwiziphambuka-pristiophorus) - mmi yamanzi onxweme the Pacific namaLwandlekazi Indiya. bempilo ekuthinjweni ayikho kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-7. I-Red Book pylori na ubume "» sengozini ngeliso elibukhali (CR).

NgesiBurma Monkey nosed (Rhinopithecus strykeri)

NgesiBurma elimile-nosed inkawu (elimile-nosed nyani Stryker) njenge uhlobo Kwazeka oko kubo abaphengululi kuphela ngo-2010. Ezikuyo lolu hlobo nkawu kuphela emntla Burma. igama lalo ngenxa nokubaluleka discoverer yayo kunye nesakhiwo angaqhelekanga ngeempumlo - yempumlo ze elimile-nosed nyani zecawa. Ngenxa yale iimpawu yokwakheka le ithimle nyani waseBurma eyimvula - amathontsi ukuwa amanzi yomzi empumlweni yayo. Sele ngo-2012, i inkawu waseBurma ikuluhlu nobume ezisengozini - sengozini ngeliso elibukhali (CR). Namhlanje kukho abantu malunga 300 Myanmar elimile-nose nyani.

isihlobo sethu omkhulu - orangutan (umzk.iPongola)

Orangutan - omkhulu umthi lwenkawu, ubume ekufuphi DNA yomntu DNA wayo. Bekela bucala Sumatran kunye Kalimantan orangutan (umahluko ubukhulu - Kalimantan ngaphezulu). Isizathu sokuba ukuncitshiswa yabemi - ukugawula ngamahlathi emvula (zokuhlala orangutan) nokuzingela.

Sumatran orangutan kuluhlu nobume ezisengozini - ngeliso zisemngciphekweni (CR); orangutan Bornean thaca kunye nobume "iintlobo abasesichengeni» (VU). Ithemba uhlala ukuba olu hlobo iya kuqhubeka nge zoo zolondolozo lwendalo.

uphawu lweCaspian (Phoca caspica)

Seal lweCaspian (lweCaspian Tywina) ukuthutha phakathi inxalenye esemntla kuLwandle lweCaspian kunye Urals. Nokuba 100 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, inani amatywina waba abantu ngaphezu kwesigidi, namhlanje zingaba bi ifikelela 100 lamawaka. Intsusa: ukuzingela abaninzi, ungcoliseko lwamanzi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu. uphawu lweCaspian idweliswe kwi iNcwadi oluBomvu njenge eziphilayo into esengozini lokutshabalala (EN).

Ekuphetheni

Le ndoda yayibonakala isidalwa nengqiqo, kodwa nangona kunjalo mindlessly utshabalalisa amasimi, amahlathi, "imilambo umva", ukuba iterate nge ukuzingela, ukuzingela. Uphando onjalo yokuziphatha engaphucukanga - yokuduka kweentlobo enezityalo nezilwanyana.

incwadi ebomvu, ephuma ekukhanyeni, warhola ingqalelo kawonke indlela umonakalo sele wazisa abantu bume yendalo. Kakade ke, ezinye iintlobo, ngelishwa, ziya kuhlala kwiincwadi zembali, kodwa kukho abo ezinokuthi basindiswe ukulungiselela izizukulwana ezizayo.

Ngenxa zonke iipaki umyezo kunye noovimba, apho benza igalelo elikhulu ukuba uyayilondoloza iintlobo! Kodwa kakhulu ukuba wonke umntu emhlabeni negalelo nolondolozo lwendalo, kwaye iNcwadi ebomvu kwakhona rhoqo amaphepha eluhlaza.

Earthlings! Khumbula ukuba nyela kufuneka anyamekele umhlaba, nto leyo nangoku nokubandezeleka kodwa baqonde kwaye ugcine indalo esingqongileyo, yaye akazange nakancinane ukulibala ukuba zonke izidalwa kweli hlabathi kuyimfuneko yaye kubalulekile! Izilwanyana - abamelwane bethu kwihlabathi jikelele, kunokutshintsha nje impahla nokutya!