Umhla Umntu spacewalk wokuqala, olunomdla

Ngo March 1965 wathabatha moya "Voskhod-2" baxhomekeka. Phambi kokuba abasebenzi oosomajukujuku PA Belyaev and AA Leonov waba umsebenzi onzima kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu - ukwenza ukuhamba isithuba kuqala-ngonaphakade lomntu.

Ukuphunyezwa ngqo experiment yadla Alekseya Leonova, yaye ngoMatshi 18 anyamezela wamkela ngempumelelo nayo. Cosmonaut waya isithuba, kude emkhombeni kwi iimitha ezi-5 kwaye kwabanjwa ngaphaya kwemizuzu eyi-12 kunye nemizuzwana 9.

Flight of "Voskhod" wayengekho ngaphandle kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kunye namatyala ukwazi. Kunzima ukuchaza indlela engqondweni nasemzimbeni amandla kwafuneka achithe abantu walungisa le experiment omkhulu - a spacewalk umntu. olunika umdla kunye neenkcukacha ezincinane yaziwa sendiza yaba sisiseko soqulunqo kweli nqaku.

umbono

Ingcamango yokuba spacewalk lomntu kunokwenzeka, Wabonakala iKumkanikazi ngo-1963. UMyili kucingelwa ukuba kungekudala kula mava kuphela enqwenelekayo, kodwa kuyimfuneko. Ukhwankqe kunene. Kumashumi eminyaka kamva, astronautics phambili ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, ukugcina ukusebenza eqhelekileyo ye-ISS kwi bonke bekuya kuba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle yangaphandle indibano kunye nokulungiswa umsebenzi, nto leyo kwakhona sibonisa indlela kuyimfuneko yaba ngumntu spacewalk wokuqala. 1964 yaba ekuqaleni uqeqesho lokuqala esemthethweni kulo experiment.

Kodwa ke, ngo-1964, ukuze uqonde iprojekthi nokulinga ezinjalo, kufuneka ukuba siqwalasele nzulu kuyilo nqanawa. Ngenxa yoko, isiseko wasiwa wazibonakalisa kakuhle "Voskhod-1". Enye Nemingxuma yayo indawo yesango veki, kwakunye inciphise inani labasebenzi ukusuka kwemithathu ukuya ezimbini. Wayengumntwana iziqhoboshelo sawa kwaye ibekwe ngaphandle umkhombe. Emva kokugqitywa olu lingelo, phambi kokwehla, kwaba eyahlukileyo kakhulu emzimbeni. Ngoko kwakukho isiphekepheke "Voskhod-2".

Kwakukho enye, ingxaki kakhulu. Ngokulinganayo eksperimenti eyingozi ke kuyimfuneko ukuba umsebenzi wokuqala kwizilwanyana. Noko ke, ayinike phezulu, ucinga ukuba uphuhliso isuti esikhethekileyo isilwanyana - it anzima kakhulu yaye zibiza imali eninzi. Ngapha koko, akazange ukunika impendulo kumbuzo engundoqo: indlela abantu baziphathe emajukujukwini? Kuye kwagqitywa ukwenza imifuniselo abantu ngaxeshanye.

Namhlanje, oosomajukujuku bayakwazi ukushiya inqanawa iiyure ezimbalwa kwaye bachitha kwindawo evulekileyo yi zazo inzima kakhulu. Kodwa kule minyaka 60 kwabonakala ngathi njengephupha egqibeleleyo, okanye ukuzibulala.

crew

Ekuqaleni, iqela oosomajukujuku belungiselela endisabela yayibandakanya Leonov, Gorbatko kunye Khrunov. Belyaev waba nganeno ngaseludinini ukugxothwa angaphathi cosmonaut ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, kwaye kuphela ukuba ukunyanzelisa ka Gagarin yayifakwe kwiqela yoqeqesho ukubhabha.

Ngenxa yoko, ababini abasebenzi kwasekwa: engundoqo - Belyayev, Leonov - backup - Gorbatko, Khrunov. Eli qela le umkhankaso zaye thaca iimfuneko ezizodwa. Iqela kwafuneka asebenze njengeyunithi, kwaye oosomajukujuku - isebenzisane kunye ngamnye ngokubhekiselele bengqondo.

iziphumo zovavanyo yabonisa ukuba Belyaev uye ukuzibamba olukhulu uzibambile, akwazi ukuba ulahlekelwe entlokweni yenu kuzo zonke iimeko, kunye Leonov, phezu koko, sisingxami, ngokungxama, kodwa nesibindi ngokungaqhelekanga, ukhaliphe. La madoda mabini, yahluke gqitha sobuntu, ngaba imazi ngokugqibeleleyo, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe umntu spacewalk wokuqala.

uqeqesho

Kwiinyanga ezintathu oosomajukujuku ukuba ukufunda uyilo inqanawa ezintsha kunye nezixhobo, kulandele uqeqesho ixesha elide kwiimeko ikhaphukhaphu. Lo moya yalwa efunekayo yaye umqhubi onamava kakhulu ngubani bakwazi ukwenza aerobatics. Per flight iyure moya wakwazi ukulinganisa weightlessness ezingama-2 nemizuzu. Yaba ngeli xesha oosomajukujuku kufuneka ukuba ixesha basebenze ngaphandle zonke lwenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ekuqaleni Yaphaphazela yeza MIG Sparky, kodwa ubhinqe oosomajukujuku bengakwazi ukuhamba. Kwagqitywa ukuba abanzi ngakumbi Tu-104LL. Ngaphakathi-moya ubeko kwisiphekepheke yayifakwe kunye kwigumbi yokutshixa, kule kuyi zokwexeshana wegqitha uqeqesho olungundoqo.

iisuti ntofontofo

Namhlanje kwisithuba emyuziyam, uyakwazi ukubona isuti efanayo, apho Leonov waqonda umntu spacewalk. Photo of smiling isigcina usomajukujuku kunye nombhalo "USSR" babehamba macala onke amaphephandaba ehlabathini, kodwa akukho namnye unako ukuba kazi umzamo omkhulu kwakuwufanele ngoncumo.

Ingakumbi kuba "Voskhod-2" iisuti ezizodwa isithuba zaye zaphuhliswa ukuba bayingozi igama "Berkut". Bona kwatywinwa ngakumbi emvulophini zize zibekwe emva inkqubo yenkxaso yobomi usomajukujuku ubhaka. Kuba reflection ukukhanya bhetele utshintshe umbala iisuti endaweni orange zemveli ezisetyenziswayo White. ubunzima Iyonke "Golden Eagle" wayesele 100 kg.

Lonke uqeqesho kakade iisuti, kwinkqubo yokhuseleko amagqabi kangako. Lo moya senziwa buthathaka kakhulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba i-intshukumo cosmonaut encinane ifihle nangoko xhopho ubunzima.

Ukongeza, ezi iisuti baba kabuhlungu kakhulu. Baba likhulu kangangokuba ukuya ngenqindi, oko kwakufuneka wenze umgudu phantse 25 eekhilogram. Ukuze ukwazi ukwenza iimpahla ezinjalo nayiphi na intshukumo, oko kwafuneka ukuba rhoqo kuqeqeshwa. Lo msebenzi ukunxiba, kodwa oosomajukujuku Ayenenkani ukuba injongo yakhe - ukuba nokwenzeka umntu spacewalk. Leonov, ngasendleleni, yayigqalwa enamandla kakhulu kwaye ihlala elo qela, nto leyo kakhulu kwangaphambili indima yakhe enkulu nokuhlola.

ukusebenza imifanekiso

Phakathi kuqeqesho eMoscow kweza umhlobo omkhulu USSR Charles de Gaulle kunye Khrushchev wagqiba ukubonisa phambi kwakhe impumelelo ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni Soviet. Wagqiba ukubonisa i-French, njengoko oosomajukujuku ukusebenza phandle umntu spacewalk. Kwangoko kwacaca ukuba moya yokwenene wathumela nje crew, abaya kuthatha inxaxheba kolu "ukumelwa". Ngokomyalelo Gagarin kule mzuzu ibaluleke Khrunova indawo Belyaev. Ngokutsho memoirs Khrunova, akazange aqonde iinjongo zolu tshintsho ixesha elide wenza nenqala Gagarin kwesi senzo ukuyichaza.

kamva Gagarin wachaza Khrunov esikhundleni sakhe, wayekholelwa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukunika Belyaev ithuba lokugqibela ukuze aphaphazele emajukujukwini. Khrunov Young angakwenza oko koko ngaphezu kwesinye ukuya efanayo Belyaev ezifanele Leonov ukusuka kwindawo nangokwasengqondweni umbono.

Khombo phambi kokuqala

Emini kwabakho inkathazo enkulu ukuqala. Ngenxa yokungakhathali a joni lalimlindile ezithunyelwe ngaphandle isithuthi ukukhangela yengxinano yesango sawa ngesiquphe wawa waphuka. Nanceba wayengekho, ngoko ke kwaye kwagqitywa ukusebenzisa ezininzi, apho oosomajukujuku uqeqesho ixesha elide. Esi siganeko ngabe akubulali, kodwa ngethamsanqa, nto ihlileyo, usebenzise kwesango ezinzileyo, kwaye umntu spacewalk wokuqala ngempumelelo.

indawo Xana

Malunga ukuziphatha kwabantu ezikhoyo isithuba eninzi beengcamango. Abagxeki bathi usomajukujuku ukuhamba ngaphandle isiphekepheke, ngoko nge welding, ukuba kuya kuba azikwazi ukuhamba okanye wenze ukuya mad. Kunzima kakhulu ukuyicinga umntu into enye ezingenza abe spacewalk. 1965 sasibonakala kalula unyaka kusilela ezukileyo kwenkqubo isithuba eSoviet. Kodwa ke, ukuqinisekisa, okanye ukuphikisa ingcamango ongenathemba akwazi ukuqhuba kuphela.

Ukongeza, ngexesha lokwenzeka asikabi nazo naziphi na iinkqubo zohlangulo. Ekuphela nto yenziwa ukuze oosomajukujuku - yinto isigqibo kwimeko enjalo, vele uvule ucango, wabeka isandla sakhe.

Xa inqanawa wangena komzila acwangciswe ngaphambili, Leonov waqalisa ukulungiselela ngomnyango. Yonke into waya ngokwesicwangciso, xa ngelixa X, le usomajukujuku ngobunono waphoswa waza wahamba ukusuka iziqhoboshelo emajukujukwini.

Le uqikelelo abanobubi basenokuyithandabuza loo nto aye azaliseka, kwaye usomajukujuku wayeziva kakuhle. Wazalisekisa zonke inkqubo emiselweyo, yaye lixesha lokuba sibuyele enqanaweni. Nale kwakukho ezinye iingxaki. Kalanga ngo zero isuti yasemajukujukwini womxhuzulane wanika Leonov ufake kwesango. Ngoko ke, ngaphandle kokudibana nabani, ngokuzimeleyo bazifinyeza uxinzelelo kwi yesuti waza waziphosa headfirst kungena yokutshixa, kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo, njengoko sele izicwangciso. Umntu spacewalk wokuqala sagqitywa, kunye Alexei Leonov ngonaphakade labhalwa igama lakhe kwimbali ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.

PE longele

"Voskhod-2" saba ezininzi iimpazamo, yaye emva kokugqitywa ngempumelelo inkqubo ukubaleka likaxakeka. Xa ukudubula imveliso gateway ukuvala i orientation boluvo elanga-ogcwele. Kwakubon 'ukuba uthiwe esenza orbit sakhe 16 ijikeleza uMhlaba, ukusuka MCC wafumana imiyalelo ukwehla. Kodwa inqanawa waqhubeka ukubhabha, ngokungathi akuzange kwenzeke nto. Xa waya kumjikelo-17, kwaye kwacaca ukuba inkqubo yoqhelaniso oluzenzekelayo zange ukusebenza, kwaye abasebenzi kwafuneka ukutshintshela ulawulo manual. Flight, umsebenzi engundoqo leyo spacewalk bomntu kuphelela kwintlekele.

Xa iindleko iinzame ezinkulu Belyaev kunye Leonov elawula enqanaweni, kodwa mvanje injini off phantse umzuzu. Ngenxa yoko le site lokuhlala ezicwangcisiweyo ekugqibeleni phezu kwaye umnqongo aqala ziwela emahlathini oxineneyo Perm.

Umsebenzi yohlangulo

Oosomajukujuku e ehlathini ebusika elide iintsuku ezimbini. Noko ke, elinye ntaka ngazama kuphosa abangenazimpahla zifudumeleyo kubo, kodwa oziphosileyo, kwaye iipasile walahleka kwi snowdrifts.

Le ntaka ayikwazanga umhlaba kwikhephu phakathi kwemithi, kwaye oosomajukujuku abazange babe izixhobo eziyimfuneko okanye ukugawula imithi okanye kugalela amanzi phezu qhwa ukuba luzizi iphedi zokwexeshana. Ekugqibeleni lokuhlangula zafikelela unyawo oosomajukujuku kanti nabo nako ndibakhuphe kwintshinyela yehlathi.

Nangona zonke iingxaki zamalungiselelo kunye nesiganeko esibi ngexesha esemoyeni, Belyayev kunye Leonov ukumelana umsebenzi wayo ophambili - ukwenza spacewalk yabantu. Umhla kwalo mcimbi waba ngomnye milestones libalulekileyo kwimbali kwenkqubo isithuba eSoviet.