Umbhali iprowuzi kunye yekhasi A. I. Gertsen: biography kunye nemisebenzi

I elizayo Umbhali futhi sazi enkulu A. I. Gertsen wazalwa ngo-1812, ezothusayo. nyanga ezintandathu nomntwana bangena ezandleni French, xa wafuna Nest intsapho Gentry e-eMoscow. Amabali malunga zokulwa nakulo lonke ixesha uthando wolawulo Alexander kaThixo ezenziwe usana nomdlandla mphuphi, injongo yakhe eyodwa yaba kukulwa ukuba iRussia ngcono. Ndandikhula, akazange watshintsha iinjongo zakhe.

Childhood and Education

A. I. Gertsen wazalwa usapho igosa lakomkhulu osisityebi Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ubutyebi bakhe kungqinwe imvelaphi ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Enye izinyanya intsapho YayinguAndreya Mare, nayo leyo yathabatha endaweni Romanov ubukhosi.

Umama waye imvelaphi commoner isiJamani, ngaphandle wayeneminyaka engama-16 kuphela ubudala. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, uyise akazange abhalise umtshato kunye intombazana, kwaye wazalelwa unyana igama ngumntu, omashini abenziwe Ivanom Alekseevichem. Herzen in German kuthetha unyana kwentliziyo.

Olu lwimi ngokubanzi wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ebomini lo mfana. Umbhali owuthandayo wakhe Schiller. Ngokomzekelo, umdlalo "nabaphangi" kwakufuneka ukufunda Herzen, nabalinganiswa yayo ephambili uKarl YamaSilamsi - oyinto kunye nomzekelo kuba umfana. Kuyinto amava boncwadi yokuqala engundoqo umbhali elizayo zingathathwa siyijonga-yokucinga of "Wallenstein", nto leyo nayo waba yimbangi Schiller nayo.

Kanye njengokuba umntwana Herzen Alexander Ivanovich wadibana kunye neqabane lakhe UNikolai Ogarev. Abantwana umbilini yi iindaba imvukelo Decembrists ngo-1825, yaye emva koko wanika omnye isithembiso ukulwela uguquko.

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Osisigxina umfana nesidima wangena Moscow University, apho waba kwizangqa ezininzi ulutsha olukhulu. Ingakumbi, bayamxhasa iziganeko eFransi ngowe-1830, xa ngenxa ngoJulayi Revolution wabhukuqwa Charles X.

Ngowe-1833 wamela umfundi wakhe ithisisi ka Copernicus, waza wafumana Ph.D. kunye imbasa yesilivere. Kwakubonakala ukuba phambi wakhe omkhonzayo inani lobomi yeengcungcu. Noko ke, ngonyaka kamva A. I. Gertsen wawela ehlazweni waza wathunyelwa Vyatka wephondo kunye amagama "kuculwa iivesi libelous." Xa lethu Krutitsa weemonki apho wayekhuliswe uvalelwe ngexesha bekusenziwa uphando, umbhali akugqiba "umhambi waseJamani."

E Vyatka Herzen weza kukhonza kwi-ofisi yengingqi njengoko itoliki. Life of a kwidolophu encinane ishumi lamawaka kwabonakala kuye buhlungu uyadika emva yokuvela eMoscow. Ukuba bonke kwatshintsha xa ngo-1837 wabanjwa iliso indlalifa elubhacweni etroneni, ikamva Alexander II. Yena athengelwe isiqabu korhulumente kunye Herzen translation uVladimir. Emva koko ke umbhali leva khona nembongi Vasiliem Zhukovskim, awakubonayo nje ukufa Aleksandra Pushkina.

"Amanqaku iLizwe loobawo" yaye abantu baseNtshona

Ekugqibeleni ngo-1838, Herzen wajika e Vladimir, apho watshata ne Nataley Aleksandrovnoy Zaharinoy, yaye kungekudala wafumana i-Alexander ebengowamazibulo. Emva koko, umbhali yakwazi ukuba bafudukele elikomkhulu, kodwa waphinda elubhacweni Novgorod ukuze ifilosofi. Kodwa ke akazange ahlale ixesha elide, wabuyela eMoscow. Wayesebenza "Amanqaku looBawo i" iphephancwadi ngelo xesha. Njengoko A. I. Gertsen wayengomnye iinkokheli yonke abaseNtshona, nenguquko intshukumo Russia kwi yaseYurophu ngendlela yophuhliso.

Ngowe-1845, umbhali lapapasha izahluko zokuqala yemisebenzi yakhe edumileyo, "Ngubani na ityala?". Ke Herzen wagqiba ekubeni kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yokuba abasemagunyeni abazange nje iimbono zakhe, ingakumbi umbuzo umlimi. Yaye ngoxa intshutshiso wayengekho, waya eYurophu, ukusuka apho akazange wabuya.

Europe

ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ngowe-1848, eYurophu waqalisa revolution jikelele nxamnye ulawulo endala. Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich wathabatha inxaxheba kule intshukumo, ingakumbi Ukunyathela baseRoma. Xa revolution kwaqhambuka eFransi, usapho zombhali wafudukela Paris. Emva Herzen wathabatha inxaxheba umboniso namagunya asekuhlaleni, ikhankasela ukubuya ukuze siseko, kwaqalisa intshutshiso yamalungu ayo. Yekhasi babalekela eSwitzerland. Xa mvukelo wafa phantsi, wabuyela Nice.

Ngowe-1850, umthetho wakhululwa eRussia Herzen uwa phantsi "ekuthinjweni, kude kuse ephakadeni." Le isizathu imisebenzi yakhe journalistic kwiimagazini ezininzi, apho wagxeka abasemagunyeni Nikolaev. Nangona ukuvalwa ushicilelo eRashiya, iincwadi Herzen kunye namanqaku epapashwe ngeelwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseYurophu aphesheya.

Ngowe-1851, xa inqanawa, unina zafa kabuhlungu umbhali kunye nonyana wakhe uKolya. I-Meyi olandelayo, xa wafa ebeleka kunye nomntwana usana umfazi wakhe. Iziganeko ezibuhlungu yamnyanzela ukuba ukuqala memoirs yakhe kuphela ngo-1868 zapapashwa ngaphantsi kwesihloko "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts". Ngelo xesha London uye waba yindawo esisigxina yokuhlala, owandinyulayo uAleksandr Gertsen. "Elidlulileyo yam Thoughts" ekugqibeleni waba ezaziwa kuhlobo yayo.

"I Bell"

Ngowe-1853 e-London, kwabakho ezamahala indlu yoshicilelo Russian, umseki ogama uAleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen. Le sazi enkulu wayefuna ukudala impapasho journalistic, ugqaliselo eza kuba zopolitiko nezentlalo iziganeko kwilizwe kwikhaya lakhe.

Wafa emva Nicholas mna, naseRashiya walahlekelwa War iCrimea, uze ekhaya kwakukho isicelo utshintsho. Ngeli xesha, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kweli lizwe akuzanga kubekho utshintsho, yaye walawula asabela ukuphendula wombhodamo le Decembrists. Xa umhlobo nogxa Ogarev wafudukela eLondon, Herzen ngo-1857 wadala iphephandaba "I Bell", nto leyo eye yaba uphawu lokwenyaniso kwexesha.

Le ncwadi wabonakala fresh izinto ezazivela, ngokunjalo noshicilelo ezincinane zoncwadi. inani Ukutyeba kwaba 8-10 sheets. Ixesha lokuqala Russian wapapasha inguqulelo kumhloli karhulumente lephephandaba. I ukuyifunda yena, Alexander II. Noko ke, emva kokuba omnye kumagumbi ngo-1858 kwapapashwa amaxwebhu emfihlekweni malunga ngokutsha ezayo umlimi, "The Bell" yavalwa. Sekunjalo, iphephandaba yakwazi ukuba bangene kweli lizwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwincopho Impumelelo yaba kunyaka-1861, xa Ukukhululwa of abalimi yapapashwa eRashiya.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Xa umbhali iye yaxhasa kwimvukelo Polish, uye kubukela ngokupheleleyo nomdla kuyo. "Bell" uyekile ukuba ipapashwe 1867. Switzerland iye yaba ikhaya elitsha, apho uAleksandr Gertsen lingashukumi. Ngokufutshane: intsalela yobomi bakhe yajika yaba ekundwendweni kwaye zaphuma kunye nabantu abafana nam.

Ngowe-1870, wafa yinyumoniya uAleksandr Gertsen. "Ngubani na ityala?" Kwaye imisebenzi journalistic immortalized igama lakhe. Kumaxesha Soviet, nokwazeka njengomfuziselo nomzabalazo revolution nxamnye umbuso. Umbhali wangcwatyelwa Nice.