Ukwanda emhlabeni zeziqina nezinto ezilulwelo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba phantsi amanyathelo kwamasuntswana ubushushu ukukhawulezisa intshukumo yayo random. Ukuba ukufudumeza irhasi, ezo molekyuli eyenza oko, saphaphazela nje kude omnye komnye. Ulwelo eshushu wongeza yokuqala umthamo, ze aqale ngumphunga. Kwaye kuya kwenzeka ntoni na eziqinileyo? Asingabo bonke na kubo ukutshintsha isimo sabo udibaniso.

ukwanda emhlabeni: Inkcazo

ukwanda emhlabeni - utshintsho ubukhulu kunye nokumila lotshintsho iqondo lobushushu bomzimba. Ngokwezibalo, unokuthi ukwazi ukubala umthamo ukwanda lomlingani, uvumela ukuqikelela ukuziphatha zegesi kunye ulwelo ekuguquleni iimeko zangaphandle. Ukuze ufumane iziphumo efanayo kwizinto eziqinileyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo ngumlingani lokwanda yomgama. Zesayensi ziye zachongwa icandelo lonke kolu hlobo uphando walibiza dilatometry.

Iinjineli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo, kufuneka babe nolwazi malunga nokuziphatha izinto ezahlukeneyo phantsi amaqondo obushushu aphezulu nezisezantsi ukuba uyilo lwezakhiwo, ukupheyiva iindlela kunye nemibhobho.

ukwandiswa zegesi

ukwanda emhlabeni ihamba ukwandiswa yeegesi umthamo emajukujukwini. It yaphawula zemvelo-zobulumko kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa ukwakha izibalo kwenzeka kuphela physics mihla.

Okokuqala izazinzulu ezinomdla ukwanda zezulu, njengoko kwabonakala kubo umsebenzi kunokwenzeka. Bona ke ngoko ngenzondelelo wasiphakamisa mzekelo, ezafumana iziphumo kakhulu ziphikisana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unciphise engahluthisiyo nezesayensi. Ukuchaneka zemilinganiselo kwakuxhomekeke ubushushu oko yasetyenziswa, uxinzelelo, kunye nezinye iimeko ezininzi. Abanye zesayensi baye kufika ukukholelwa ukuba ukwandiswa iigesi akuxhomekekanga utshintsho obushushu. Okanye oku kuxhomekeka ayiphelelanga ...

Umsebenzi wayeseDalton kunye Gay-Lussac

Zesayensi ziye zaqhubeka ukuliphika ngokwabo uyarhwexa okanye bazishiyile umlinganiselo, ukuba Dzhon wayeseDalton. Yena ke omnye yamachiza Gay-Lussac, ngexesha elifanayo ngaphandle ngalinye enye bakwazi ukufumana iziphumo womlinganiselo efanayo.

Lussac wayezama ukufumana unobangela inani elikhulu enjalo iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwaye kuqatshelwe ukuba ezinye izixhobo ngexesha amava amanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngexesha ukufudumeza uguqulwe zomphunga watshintsha ubungakanani kunye nokwakhiwa igesi test. Ngoko ke, into yokuqala owenza sisazinzulu - ngokugqibeleleyo koma zonke izixhobo, nto leyo zasetyenziselwa experiment, yaye walawula phandle nkqu ipesenti amancinane ukufuma ze gesi test. la mava embalwa yokuqala zazibalulekile ngakumbi emva kokuba zonke ezi zazo.

WayeseDalton waphendula lo mba elide ngaphezu koogxa bakhe ushicilele iziphumo kanye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. It umoya womisa umphunga kwe-sulphuric acid kunye koko amalahle. Emva uthotho amalinge, uYohane weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba bonke irhasi kunye umphunga iyandiswa ngokuphindwe ka-0,376. Lussac We got inombolo 0.375. Esi sisiphumo uphando esemthethweni.

uxinzelelo umphunga wamanzi

ukwanda emhlabeni zegesi kuxhomekeke kwimo yazo, ngamanye ukukwazi ukubuyela umthamo yokuqala. Owokuqala ukuhlola umba lowo Ziegler phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Kodwa iziphumo experimenti zakhe zahluke kakhulu. manani ethembeke ngakumbi waba Dzheyms Uatt, esetyenziswa lobushushu eliphezulu ibhoyila Papin, nangenxa ephantsi - Barometer.

Ekupheleni yamachiza French kwinkulungwane XVIII Prony bazama ukufumana ifomyula elinye eyayiza ukuchaza luthambe kwegesi, kodwa yaba ngumsina engaqhelekanga kwaye kunzima ukuyisebenzisa. WayeseDalton wagqiba ekubeni uqinisekise empirically zonke izibalo, usebenzisa Barometer siphon. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubushushu onke amalinge kunjalo, iziphumo ezichanileyo kakhulu. Ngoko wapapasha kubo ngohlobo itafile incwadi physics.

Imfundiso ngumphunga

ukwanda emhlabeni yeegesi (ezifana ingcamango emzimbeni) lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi. Izazinzulu uzamile ukufumana ezi nkqubo ongundoqo ukuvelisa umphunga. Apha kwakhona, siye amanqaku yesayensi odumileyo wayeseDalton. Ku conjectured ukuba nasiphi na isithuba igesi Igcwele umphunga kungakhathaliseki nokuba ngoku kweli dama (endlwini) nayiphi na igesi okanye umphunga. Ngoko ke, sinokugqiba ukuba kulwelo akayi idliwa uza nje adibane kunye nomoya komoya.

kwalomu ka uxinzelelo lomoya phezu ulwelo kwandisa isithuba phakathi athom, nihlinza bahluka kwaye ngumphunga, ngamanye lukhuthaza ukuyilwa zomphunga. Kodwa ke isibini molecule iyaqhubeka ukusebenza amandla womxhuzulane, ukuze izazinzulu babecinga ukuba womoya aluchaphazeli komphunga ulwelo.

ukwandiswa ulwelo

ulwelo ukwanda emhlabeni zaphandwa ngaxeshanye kunye nokwandiswa zegesi. Uphando lobuNzululwazi benza ke oosonzululwazi efanayo. Ukuze benze oku, basebenzisa aerometry ubushushu, ukunxibelelana iimpahla kunye nezinye izixhobo.

Zonke eksperimenti kunye ngamnye ngawo omane imfundiso wayeseDalton ukuba ulwelo uniform ayanda ngokomlinganiselo isikweri lobushushu apho ke ebushushwini babo. Kakade ke, ulwalamano oluphezulu ubushushu, kokukhona umthamo fluid, kodwa ngqo wayengekho phakathi kwabo. Kwaye izinga lokwanda kuzo zonke iziselo yayahlukile.

ukwanda emhlabeni amanzi, umzekelo, iqala kwi zero degrees Celsius kwaye xhaxhe kunye nokunciphisa lobushushu. Ngaphambili, le iziphumo zovavanyo ezinxulumene into yokuba amanzi asibikho wanda, isikhongozeli tapered, apho ibekwe khona. Kodwa abanye kwexesha kamva, yamachiza Deluca ukungena kwisigqibo sokuba isizathu kufuneka kucelwa engamanzi. Wagqiba ukufumana ubushushu mninzi layo eliphezulu. Noko ke, akazange aphumelele ngenxa singazihoyi ezinye iinkcukacha. Rumfort, oye wafunda le meko, wafumanisa ukuba loxinano eliphezulu lamanzi iqatshelwe uluhlu-4 ukuya kwezi-5 degrees Celsius.

ukwandiswa Thermal lwemizimba

Xa okuqinileyo, indlela iphambili ukutshintsha awo lokwanda yikristale ngekroba. Ngamagama alula, i-atom ezenza izinto yaye ubeka oluhamba phakathi kwabo, qala "ukuphuma".

Law of imizimba ukwanda thermal ezavela ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: naliphi na iqumrhu icala L yomgama kwinkqubo zokufudumeza kwi DT (Delta T - umahluko phakathi lobushushu sokuqala nesokugqibela) zandiswa nge-mali DL (Delta L - yinto yemvelaphi ngumlingani lokwanda thermal linear ebudeni injongosenzi kunye umahluko lobushushu). Olu luguqulelo elula nomthetho, ngokungagqibekanga sithabathela ingqalelo ukuba umzimba iyandiswa kuwo onke amacala ngaxeshanye. Kodwa umsebenzi owenziwayo kusetyenziswa izibalo kakhulu nzima, kuba eneneni, izinto musa aziphathe physics njengento eyenziwe nakwimathematika.

ukwanda emhlabeni komzila wenethiwekhi

Kuba nithi, lo mzila kaloliwe ibisoloko umtsalane yemvelo iinjineli, ekubeni bakwazi ukubala ngqo indlela umgama kakhulu kufuneka ekuhlanganeni kwengubo yentsimbi namasondo naLindiili ukuya ubushushu okanye hayi gqitha indlela okupholisa.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, eli yomgama ukwanda thermal kusebenza kuzo zonke eziqinileyo. Kwaye neentsimbi kwakungekho ngaphandle. Kodwa ke kukho enye iinkcukacha. Neeplaza kwenzeka ngesisa ukuba umzimba kakubi amandla zochuku. NaLindiili iyalungiswa kwi sleepers kunye neentsimbi ofunwa ukuba omelene, ngoko ke umthetho, nto leyo echaza utshintsho ngobude, ivumela ekoyiseni imiqobo ngokohlobo nokubaleka, kunye nokumelana lempundu.

Ukuba kaloliwe akakwazi ukutshintsha ubude bayo, kunye utshintsho lobushushu kwenyusa uxinzelelo thermal, ngaba leyo mhlawumbi olule okanye compress ngayo. Le meko ichazwa umthetho Hooke kaThixo.