Yamasuntswana iyevakala: ntoni na?

Bambalwa abantu abazi nto "electron", kodwa enyanisweni lithetha "yamasuntswana aphantsi." Kakade ke, abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba yintoni na yaye kutheni kufuneka khona. Kumabonakude, ezincwadini, kumaphephandaba kunye neemagazini, ezi amasuntswana aboniswa njenge amachaphaza amancinci okanye amaso. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abangafundanga bakholelwa ukuba imilo amasuntswana, yaye enyanisweni ungqukuva nokuba zibhabha ngokukhululekileyo, basebenzisane, ubuso, njl Kodwa lo ukubonisana ngokwesiseko engalunganga. Ingcamango yokuba yamasuntswana iyevakala kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda, kodwa akuzange kakhulu emva kwexesha ukuzama ukufumana ubuncinane ingcamango ziingqikelelo yohlobo ezi ngamasuntswana.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane edluleyo, nezesayensi nzulu bexakekile ukuba kutheni electron angawi ngumongo, ukusukela, ngokutsho ukukhanda Newtonian,, yena lo gama ngokubeka onke amandla akhe kufuneka kuwa nje kungena ngumongo. Akumangalisi, oku akwenzeki. Indlela ukuchaza le nto?

Inyaniso yokuba physics ekutolikweni bamandulo yamasuntswana ezinesiqalelo - malosovmestimymi izinto. Asinto ngokuxhomekeke kuyo nayiphi na imithetho physics eziqhelekileyo, njengoko wayesenza ngokuvisisana nemigaqo ye ubucukubhede quantum. Umgqaliselo kulo mzekelo akunakuqinisekiswa. Uthi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba kanye kwaye ngaxeshanye ukuchonga variables ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo. Okukhona ngowokuqala kubo uzimisele, incinci kangangoko ukugqiba yesibini. Le nkcazo ibonisa correlations quantum, ngumtshangatshangiso-yamasuntswana mbini, isiphumo etoneleni, umsebenzi lokutshangatshangisa, kunye nangaphezulu.

Into yokuqala ebalulekileyo - i nokulungelelanisa ukungaqiniseki ukubetha. Ngokusekelwe engundoqo ubucukubhede yamandulo, masikhumbule ukuba isantya umzimba kunye nendlela iingqiqo basenokuvana kwaye zisoloko ichazwe ngokucacileyo. Masizame ukususa ipatheni kwihlabathi ezincane. Ngokomzekelo, enye yamasuntswana iyevakala unalo ukubetha kwentliziyo ngqo. Ngoko xa uzama ukuqonda indlela ye yombutho siza nazo ezihambelanayo alibonakali. Oku kuthetha ukuba electron eshiyekileyo ifunyanwa ngaxeshanye zonke iingongoma kwe encinci. Ukuba uzama ingqalelo oko necala eya ngakulo, ngoko ke isantya uba ixabiso imfiliba.

Oku kuthetha ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba kunzima ukuchonga naliphi na ixabiso elithile, owesibini kwangoko uba akwaziwa. Lo mgaqo amanga intliziyo iimpawu nokulatyuza amasuntsu. An electron unesigxina ecacileyo. Sinokuthi yena ngexesha elinye kuzo zonke iingongoma space, elinganiselwe yi ombala. Le ukumelwa ivumela ukuba sicacelwe yinto eyenza i yamasuntswana iyevakala.

Malunga yokungaqiniseki efanayo kuphakama lulwahlulo amandla-ixesha. Particle isebenzisana ngokuqhubekayo, nkqu phambi kwe zidle emzimbeni. Le intsebenziswano yathatha ixesha elithile. Ukuba simele sicinge ukuba eli nani ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ichaziwe, amandla ke uba alibonakali. Oku kugxobha okuvunyelwana imithetho zolondolozo amandla kwixesha elifutshane bathembisa.

ipateni thaca yenza amasuntswana ezisezantsi-eneji - photons emasimini esisiseko. Loo ntsimi ayikho into eqhubekayo. It iqulathe amasuntswana amancinane. Le therebetween Intsebenziswano inikwa yi ukukhutshwa photon, bathi bafakwe ngamanye amasuntswana. Oku igcine umgangatho wamandla kwaye ukwenza amasuntswana ezizinzileyo eziziziqalelo ungenako kweyela ngumongo.

amasuntswana nezakhiwo ezibonakala ikakhulukazi engenakususwa, nangona bathe zahlukile enye kwenye ubunzima kunye neempawu ezithile. Ngoko ke, ukuhlelwa ezithile ziye zaphuhliswa. Umzekelo, uhlobo yentsebenziswano ziyakwazi ukuchongeka leptons kunye hadrons. Hadrons, ke, yahlulwe mesons, enamakhulu quarks ezimbini, kunye baryons, apho isakhiwo kukho quarks ezintathu. Le baryons ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle - le neutron kunye protons kuyo.

amasuntswana cebetshu neempawu zazo ukuvumela ukwahlula iiklasi ezimbini: bosons (kunye elipheleleyo kunye zero spin) fermions (isiqingatha-elipheleleyo spin). yamasuntswana nganye antiparticle yayo kunye neempawu esahlukileyo. Nogcineko nje protons, neutron kunye leptons. Zonke ezinye amasuntswana zixhomekeke zokonakala, ize nibe amasuntswana ezizinzileyo.