Ukunyuka komatshini kubemi yintoni umqondo kunye nendlela ebonakala ngayo?

Ukunyakaza kwamanyathelo kubemi yinto eyaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo njengokufuduka. Yinkqubo apho indawo yokuhlala kuyo amaqela oluntu okanye utshintsho lwabantu, lubonakaliswe ekufudukisweni kwabo kwelinye ilizwe, indawo okanye indawo.

Ukunyakaza kwamanyathelo kubemi kwamanye amazwe

Umgangatho wokufuduka kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwawo kuyahluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukunyuka komatshini kwabantu baseNyakatho Melika kubonakaliswe ukukhula kwamanye amazwe. Ngamanye amagama, inani lokufika apha ixesha elide okanye lokuhlala unaphakade likhulu kunani labantu abashiya. Kwamanye amazwe, umzekelo, e-Azerbaijan, inqanaba elichaseneyo liyabonwa. Ukunyuka komatshini kubemi baseRussia kubonakaliswe kukuba ukulahleka kwemvelo ku-75% kuzaliswe ngokufuduka. I-Russia ngokwemigangatho yayo yindawo yesithathu ehlabathini, okwesibini kuphela kwi-US naseJamani. Phantse i-¾ yabantu abafudukayo bathetha isiRashiya besuka kumazwe aseCIS.

Ukufuduka kwimiba ebanzi kunye nengqiqo

Ngomqondo obanzi, kubonakala ngathi naluphi na ukuhamba kwabantu. Ngomncinci, ubhekiselele kumda weemida zemihlaba ethile apho kukho utshintsho lokuhlala okanye ixesha elide, okanye ngonaphakade.

Ukufuduka ngaphandle nangaphakathi

Ukufudukela kungahlelwa ngohlobo lweempawu. Ngokomzekelo, kuxhomekeke kwimeko yokuwela kwemida ngabemi, iindidi ezilandelayo ziyahluka.

• Ukufuduka kwangaphakathi kukunyuka kwabantu ngaphakathi kwimeko enye phakathi kwezoqoqosho-indawo okanye ezolawulo, indawo ezihlala kuyo (ukusuka kwidolophana ukuya kwidolophana, ukusuka kwisixeko ukuya kwisixeko, ukusuka kwidolophana ukuya kwidolophu, ukusuka kwisixeko ukuya kwidolophana).
• Ukufuduka kwangaphandle kubhekisela ekugqibeleni kwemida yomhlaba. Iquka ukufuduka nokufuduka kwamanye amazwe.

Ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe nokufuduka

Makhe sithethe ngento ekwahlula ezi zimbini ezifanayo kwiingcamango zokuvakala. Igama elithi "ukufuduka" livela kwiLizwi lesiLatini elisentsingiselo "ukulungiswa kabusha", "kukhutshwa". Ukunyuka kweendlela ezinjalo kubantu kuthiwa ukunyuka (ukuphoqeleka okanye ukuzithandela, ukulungelelaniswa okanye ukuzithengisa) kwelinye ilizwe ukuhlala ixesha elide ixesha elide, okanye isigxina. Kwiimeko ezininzi, idibene neenguqu zobummi.

Igama elithi "ukufuduka" linemvelaphi yesiLatini kwaye liguqulelwe ngokuthi "ukulungiswa". Ukunyuka kwenjenjalo kubantu ukungena kwakhe kwixeshana (ixesha elide) okanye indawo yokuhlala isigxina, ngokukodwa ngokutshintshwa kobemi.

Ukufudukela kwi-demography kubhekwa njengenxalenye yenkqubo enye, ebizwa ngokuba "ukuveliswa kwabantu." Ukusuka kweli gama lidla ngokuchazwa ngokuchanekileyo njengendlela yokunyakaza kwamanani abantu.

Izibonakaliso ezinokubakho kokuhamba kwemimandla yabemi

Ukufunda ukufuduka, njengawo naziphi na iziganeko ezinxulumene nokudumala, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ziphi iimpawu zabo ezilinganisiweyo. Ukunyuswa kwamanyathelo kubemi yinto ebonisa ukuba, malunga nabantu abahlala kuyo nayiphi na intsimi (isixeko, isithili, ilizwe, njl) njlulwa ngokwabavela ngaphandle kunye nokuthatha umhlalaphantsi wabantu ngaphaya kwemida yawo.

Ibhalansi yokufuduka (ukufuduka komnatha, okanye ukufuduka komnatha) ngummahluko phakathi kwenani labafikeleleko kunye nokuhamba ngexesha elithile. Kukho esinye isibonakaliso esibalulekileyo. Lo ngumlinganiselo wokufuduka. Ichazwa njengesixa-mali sokufika kunye nokulahla. Umthamo wokufuduka ubizwa ngokuba ngumfuduko ophezulu, okanye ukufuduka kwamanye amazwe.

Kunokwenzeka ukubonisa inani labafikeleleko kunye nokuhamba kwiimanani ezipheleleyo, okusivumela ukuba sibone ukuba yintoni intshukumo yomntu wonke. Lo mbono, nangona kunjalo, awubonakalisi ubunzima benkqubo yokwenza umdla kithi. Emva koko, kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kobonke abantu kunye nenani lokuhamba kunye nokufika, okufuneka kwakhona kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Ngako oko, ukunyakaza komatshini kubemi kubonakaliswe inani leenzalathisi ezinxulumene. Masithethe ngeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kubo.

Izalathisi ezinxulumene

Ubukhulu bokufuduka buqikelelwa njengezalathisi ezinxulumene nazo, ezibizwa ngokuba yizinto ezinzulu. Makhe sibhale uluhlu oluphambili.

• Inani lokufika (elichazwa njenge-Kp) lilingana nenani labafikelele kubemi bemihlaba enikwe.
• I-coefficient of retratirement (Kv) yimalunga yenani labantu abashiye abantu.
• Ibhalansi ehambelanayo yokufuduka (Ks) - umlinganiselo wokohluko kwinani labafikeleleko kunye nokuhamba kwabo kubemi.
• Isisombululo sokuhamba esipheleleyo (Kp) sisilinganiselo semali yokulahlwa kunye nokufika, oko kukuthi, kuyo yonke imfuduko yokufuduka, ukuya kwinani labemi bendawo enikwe.

Ezi zizona zikhokelo eziphambili zentshukumo yokuhamba kwabantu.

Izixhobo zokufuduka

Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa uhlalutya ukufuduka, kuyimfuneko ukuyiqhayisa into ehlukeneyo. Ngokufutshane, sibonisa ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu kubo. Ukudlulela okufudukelayo kudla ngokubelwe. Lawa ngamaqela abafudukayo abelana ngeendawo eziqhelekileyo zokufika okanye ukulahla. Omnye unokuthiwa negama elinye, elisoloko lihlukaniswe ngabaphandi. Lezi ziqabane ezifudukelayo, ezibekwe ngabantu abadibeneyo ngexesha eliqhelekileyo lokufuduka.

Ukubunjwa kwabantu abandakanyekayo kwintlangano yokuhamba kwabantu kubalulekile into ebaluleke kakhulu. Aba bantu babonakaliswa ngumntu onobuhlanga, ubudala kunye nobulili, ubuzwe, njl. Emva koko, ukuhamba ngokuhamba kwamanye amazwe kumaqela abemi aphezulu. Ukubunjwa kwabafuduki kubangele utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwisakhiwo sabemi kwimimandla yokufika kunye neendawo zokulahla.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweenkcukacha zabantu kunye nokufuduka

Ukunyakaza kwamanyathelo kubemi kunxulumene neziganeko ezithile zobomi bomntu. Ngokomzekelo, ekugqityweni okanye ekuqaleni komsebenzi, ukuphela kweziko lemfundo, inkonzo emkhosini, njl. Ukupheliswa nokupheliswa komtshato, ukuzalwa kwabantwana kunye nezinye iziganeko ezihambelana nomjikelezo wendawo ziyingxenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bomntu. Ngoko ke, iipameters ezihambelana nokudabulisa (isimo somtshato, iminyaka yobudala kunye nenani labo, njl.), Zinempembelelo enkulu kwiinkqubo ezinxulumene nokufuduka. Ziyodwa yeyona ndlela ebalulekileyo apho amaqela abemi ahlukeneyo ekufundeni ukunyakaza kwayo.

Njengoko sele sele khankanywe ngasentla, amaqela ahlukeneyo achazwa ngokuhamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ukufuduka, okufundiswa kwinqanaba leembono zokunyamekela kwamanqanaba athile kubantu abathile, kwabizwa ngokuba yinto eyahlukileyo. Uphando lwakhe lubalulekile ekuqondeni ukungafani okwakubonisa ukunyuka komatshini wabemi beemimandla eyahlukeneyo, ubudala, ubuhlanga, intlalo kunye nolunye amaqela. Xa ufunda olu hlobo lokufuduka, okokuqala, ingqalelo iyahlawulwa kumahluko akhoyo kumaqela eminyaka. Emva koko, le mibutho ihluke kakhulu ngokwemigangatho yokunyuka komatshini kwabantu.

Ubudlelwane bokufuduka kunye nesini

Iimpawu zokuhamba kwamanye amazwe ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeke kwisini. Phakathi kwabafuduki kwiindawo ezininzi, inzuzo yamadoda ibonakala. Nangona kunjalo, lo mgaqo awuyiyo yonke indawo. Kwamanye amazwe, ngamanye amaxesha kukho inani elincinci labasetyhini ekufuduka kwamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, eYurophu ngexesha elidlulileyo, ngaba ngabameli bezesondo ezifanelekileyo ezithandwa ngabantu ababeshiye. Ngokusekelwe kulo, uE.Ravenstine, umphandi wesiNgesi wenkulungwane ye-19, wenza imithetho emiselweyo yokufuduka. Kwelinye kubo kwathiwa ukuba abafazi ngokubanzi banako ukufuduka kunamadoda.

Inani labantwana kunye nesimo somtshato

Ukuhamba koluntu kuxhomekeke kwinani labantwana kwintsapho kunye nemeko yomtshato. Nangona kunjalo, ezi xho mekeke azikho njengecala elilodwa njengoko kunjalo kwintsebenziswano phakathi kokunyaniseka kwenkqubo yomdla kunye nobudala. Akukho kuphela inani labantwana elinokuchaphazela ukuhamba kwamanye amazwe. Ngaloo ndlela, inani labo linokumiselwa lizinga lokuhamba. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba intsapho ihlala ihamba, ingalinda ukukhupha umba wokuzalwa kwabantwana. Ngenxa yoko, inani labo linciphisa.

Ubungakanani bokuvelisa

Ukuhamba ngokufudukela koluntu kunempembelelo ekusebenzeni kweenkqubo zokuvelisa. Kwaye kukho ukukhathazeka ngokuveliswa kokubini kunye nokuvuleka kwabantu. Kwimeko yokugqibela, ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe utshintshe ukubunjwa kwawo kunye namandla ngokuthe ngqo. Izitshintshi zesini kunye nesakhiwo seminyaka zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuba amadoda anqoba phakathi kwabafudukayo, kwaye nokuba kukho iqela eliphezulu labameli bamaqela amancinci abantu abasebenza ngokudala (iminyaka eyi-16 ukuya ku-30 ubudala), ukuhlala kwabemi beli ntsimi kuyabonakala. Ukongeza, oku kukukho ukuguga kwiindawo zokuthatha umhlalaphantsi kunye nenani eliphezulu lamadoda aselula kwiindawo zokungena.

Ukunyakaza kwamanyathelo kunye nemvelo yoluntu

Ekugqibeleni, ndingathanda ukuphawula umehluko phakathi kweembini ezibalulekileyo. Intshukumo yemvelo kunye nendalo yabemi ayikho into efanayo. Intshukumo yendalo ivelisa. Ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane bawo kunye nokufuduka, sichaze ngokufutshane kwinqaku. Ubonakaliswe kwinqanaba lokunyuka kwendalo, ukufa, ukuzala, ukulinda kwabantu ubomi. Iimpawu zokunyuka kwezemvelo, ukufa nokuvelisa zithatyathwa ngokwemali nganye kwi-abemi nganye.