UCyril noMethodius: i-biography efutshane, iimbali ezithakazelisayo ezivela kwi-biography, ukudalwa kweelfabhethi zesiSlavic

Abazalwana uCyril noMethodius, obunobuncinane besaziwa ngokufutshane ngabo bonke abathetha isiRashiya, babengumkhanyiso omkhulu. Baqulunqe iilfabhethi ngenani labantu baseSlavic, kunokuba bafeze igama labo.

Umvelaphi wamaGrike

Abazalwana ababini bevela kwisixeko saseTer Thessaloniki. Kwiimithombo zaseSlavonic, igama elidala lemveli laseTesalonika ligcinwa. Bazalwe kwintsapho yegosa eliphumeleleyo elisebenza phantsi kwegosa lephondo. UCyril wazalwa ngo-827, kunye noMethodius - ngo-815-m.

Ngenxa yokuba amaGrike ayazi ulwimi lwesiSlavic, abanye abaphandi bazama ukuqinisekisile indlela abayifumana ngayo ngesiSlavic. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kwenziwe nakubani na. Ngelo xesha, umzekelo eBulgaria, ootitshala bathathwa njengeBulgaria (basebenzisa i-Cyrillic alfabhethi apho).

Abaqulunqi beelwimi zaseSlavic

Ulwazi lweelwimi lamaGrike azukileyo lungachazwa ibali laseTesalonika. Ngexesha labo, esi sixeko sasineelwimi ezimbini. Kukho ulwimi lwendawo lwaseSlavonic. Ukufudukela kwesi sizwe kufinyelele umda wasezantsi, ujongene noLwandle lwase-Aegean.

Ekuqaleni amaSlav ayengamahedeni kwaye ahlala phantsi kobuhlanga, kunye nabamelwane babo baseJamani. Nangona kunjalo, abo basemzini abahlala kwiimida zeBukhosi baseByzantine bawela kumjikelezo wempembelelo yenkcubeko yawo. Abaninzi babo babumba amakoloni eBalkans, baba ngamagunya olawulo lukaConstantinople. Ubukho babo babunamandla eSoluni, apho uCyril noMethodius bevela khona. I-biography yabazalwana yokuqala yahamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Abazalwana bezakhono zomhlaba

UMethodius (ehlabathini awayebizwa ngokuba nguMichael) waba ngumkhosi wamasosha waza wavuka kwisikhundla somgca wephondo elinye eMacedonia. Kwakunokwenzeka ngenxa yeetalente kunye nobuchule bakhe, kwakunye nokuphathwa kwe-fooktist. UCyril ukususela kwisishumi esincinci esenzelwe isayensi, kwaye wafunda nenkcubeko yabantu abakhelene nabo. Ngaphambi kokuba ahambe eMoravia, ngenxa yokuba wayeziwayo ehlabathini, uConstantine (igama ngaphambi kwezibhambathiso zesigxina) waqala ukuguqulela izahluko zeVangeli kwiilwimi zaseSlavonic.

Ukongeza kwiilwimi, i-Kirill yafunda i-geometry, i-dialectics, i-arithmetic, i-astronomy, i-rhetoric kunye nefilosofi kwiingcali ezigqwesileyo eConstantinople. Ngombulelo kwimvelaphi yakhe ehloniphekileyo, unokuthembela emtshatweni ophezulu kunye nenkonzo karhulumente kwiindawo eziphezulu zamandla. Nangona kunjalo, le ntombazana ayizange ifuthelele loo nto kwaye ibe ngumgcini welayibrari kwicawa eliphambili leli lizwe - iCathhedral yaseSt. Sophia. Kodwa nakhona akazange ahlale ixesha elide, kwaye ngokukhawuleza waqala ukufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseMinsk. Siyabulela ngokusinqoba okunzulu kwiingxabano zefilosofi, wafumana isiteketiso se-Philosopher, ngamanye amaxesha atholakala kwimithombo yolwazi.

UCyril wayejwayelene nomlawuli kwaye wahamba kunye nesabelo sakhe kwi-Caliph Muslim. Ngama-856, kunye neqela labafundi, wafika kwi-monasteri kwi-Small Olympus, apho umntakwabo wayengumculi. Kwakukho apho uCyril noMethodius, abaye badibanisa necawa, bazimisele ukudala iilfabhethi zeSlavs.

Ukuguqulelwa kweencwadi zobuKristu kwiSlavonic

Ngo-862, iinxusa ezivela kwisikhulu sakwaMoravia uRostislav zafika eConstantinople. Banika umlawuli umyalezo kumlawuli wabo. URostislav wabuza amaGrike ukuba amnike abantu abafundisayo abaya kufundisa amaSlav ukuba babe nokholo lobuKristu ngolwimi lwabo. Ukubhaptizwa kwesi sizwe kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba, kodwa yonke inkonzo kaThixo yenzeka ngolwimi lwangaphandle, olwalunzima kakhulu. UMphathiswa kunye noMlawuli baxoxisana ngalesi sicelo phakathi kwabo kwaye banquma ukucela umzalwana kaSolun ukuba aye eMoravia.

UCyril, uMethodius kunye nabafundi babo baqala ukusebenza nzima. Ulwimi lokuqala, apho iincwadi eziphambili zamaKristu ziguqulelwe khona, kwakunguBulgaria. I-biographie kaCyril noMethodius, isishwankathelo saso kwincwadi yoncwadi yaseSlavic, yaziwa ngemigudu ebalaseleyo yabazalwana phezu kweNgcaciso, uMpostile kunye neVangeli.

Ukuya eMoravia

Abavakalisi baya eMoravia, apho bahlala khona iminyaka emithathu befundisa abantu ukuba bafunde nokubhala. Imizamo yabo yanceda ekufumaneni ubhaptizo lwabantu baseBulgaria, okwenzeka ngo-864. Baye batyelela iTranscarpathian Rus nePanononia, apho bazukisa khona ukholo lobuKristu kwiilwimi zaseSlavic. Abazalwana uCyril noMethodius, abakufutshane bezinto ezihamba phambili ziquka uhambo oluninzi, yonke indawo ifunyanwa ngabaphulaphula ngokuphulaphula.

Kwaye naseMoravia babenengxabano nababingeleli baseJamani ababekho kunye nomsebenzi ofanayo wezithunywa zevangeli. Ukwahlula okubalulekileyo phakathi kwabo kwakunqwenela amaKatolika ukuba enze inkolo kwisiSlavonic. Esi sikhundla sasixhaswa yicawa yaseRoma. Lo mbutho ukholelwa ukuba ukudumisa uThixo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngeelwimi ezintathu: isiLatini, isiGrike nesiHebhere. Le nkcubeko sele ikhona iminyaka emininzi.

Ukwahlula okukhulu phakathi kwamaKatolika kunye namaOthodox akukwenzeka okwamanje, ngoko uPapa wayesenokuba nefuthe phezu kwabafundisi bamaGrike. Wabizela abazalwana bakhe eItali. Kwakhona bafuna ukuza eRoma ukukhusela isikhundla sabo nokuqonda amaJamani eMoravia.

Abazalwana baseRoma

Abazalwana uCyril noMethodius, abo bahlonishwa ngamaKatolika, beza ku-Adrian II ngo-868. Wafika ekungqineleni namaGrike waza wanika imvume yokuba amaSlav ayengenza inkonzo kaThixo ngeelwimi zabo. AbakwaMoravians (okhokho baseCzech) babhaptizwa ngababhishophu bevela eRoma, ngoko babephantsi kolawulo lukaPapa.

Ngethuba e-Italy, uConstantine wagula kakhulu. Xa eqonda ukuba uza kufa kungekudala, umGrike wamkela i-schema waza wamukelwa igama lika-Cyril, owaziwa ngalo kwi-history and memory memory. Ngethuba lokufa kwakhe, wacela umzalwana wakhe ukuba angayishiyi umsebenzi wokukhanyisa jikelele, kodwa uqhubeke nokukhonza phakathi kwamaSlav.

Ukuqhubeka komsebenzi wokushumayela kaMethodius

UCyril noMethodius, abachazwayo ngokufutshane, bahlonishwa eMoravia ngexesha lokuphila kwabo. Xa umninawa omncinane ebuyela apho, kwaba lula kuye ukuba aqhubeke nokufeza umsebenzi wakhe kuneminyaka eyi-8 edlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, imeko kweli lizwe yatshintsha. Lowo owayengumbusi uRostislav wahlulwa yiSvyatopolk. Umlawuli omtsha wayekhokelwa ngabaphathiswa baseJamani. Oku kukhokelela ekutshintsheni ekubunjweni kwababingeleli. AmaJamani aphinde aqala ukufuna ukuthetha ngokushumayela ngesiLatini. Bade baqukumbela uMethodius kwiindwendwe. Xa oku kwaziwa ngoPapa uJohn VIII, wawavimbela amaJamani ukuba enze iiturgy ade akhulule umshumayeli.

Ngoxhatshazo olunjalo, uCyril noMethodius abazange bahlangane. I-biography, ukudalwa kweelfabhethi yeSlavic kunye nayo yonke into ehambelana nobomi bayo izele iziganeko eziphawulekayo. Ngo-874, ekugqibeleni uMethodius wakhululwa waza waba ngu-bhishophu omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, eRoma basebenyulile imvume yabo yokunqula ulwimi lwaseMoravia. Nangona kunjalo, umshumayeli wenqaba ukuthobela inkqubo engathandekiyo yeCawa yamaKatolika. Waqala ukuqhuba intshumayelo eyimfihlo kunye nemikhuba kwiilwimi zaseSlavonic.

Imizamo yokugqibela kaMethodius

Ukunyamezela kwakhe kwakungekho nto. Xa amaJamani aphinde azama ukunyundela emehlweni ecawa, uMethodius waya eRoma kwaye ngenxa yamakhono akhe isithethi sikwazi ukukhusela imbono yakhe phambi koPapa. Wanikwa inkunzi ekhethekileyo, eyaphinda yavumela ukukhonza kwiilwimi zesizwe.

AmaSlav ayakuxabisa umzabalazo ongenakuxhatshazwa okhokelwa nguCyril noMethodius, owaziwa ngobomi obufutshane obonakalayo kwimbali yamandulo. Kungekudala ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, umzalwana omncinane wabuyela eByzantium waza wachitha iminyaka emininzi eConstantinople. Ubunzima bakhe bokugqibela kwakuguqulela kwisiSlavic ulwimi "lweTestamente Elidala", apho abafundi abathembekileyo bamnceda. Wafa ngo-885 eMoravia.

Kubaluleka kwemisebenzi yabazalwana

I-alfabeti, eyadalwa ngabazalwana, ekugqibeleni isasaza eSerbia, eCroatia, eBulgaria naseRashiya. Namhlanje, isalfabhethi isetyenziswe ngabo bonke amaSlav aseMpuma. BangamaRussia, ama-Ukrainiya kunye namaBelarusiya. I-biography kaCyril noMethodius kubantwana ifundiswa kwisikhokelo sekharityhulam yesikolo ngala mazwe.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba i-ABC yasekuqaleni, eyenziwe ngabazalwana, ekugqibeleni yaba yiGlagolitic kwimbali-nkcukacha. Enye inguqu yalo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Cyrillic alfabhethi, yabonakala kamva ngenxa yemisebenzi yabafundi balaba titshala. Ingxabano yesayensi iyahlala ifanelekileyo. Ingxaki ikhona kwinto yokuba asizange sifumane imithombo yamandulo, enokuqinisekisa ngokuqinisekileyo indawo ethile yokujonga. Iingcamango zakhiwe kuphela kumaphepha asemibini avela kamva.

Nangona kunjalo, umnikelo wabazalwana kunzima ukugqithisa. UCyril noMethodius, ochazwe ngokucacileyo kuyo yonke i-Slav, ayincedisi kuphela ukusabalalisa ubuKristu, kodwa uncedo lokuqinisa ulwazi lwesizwe phakathi kwezi zizwana. Ukongezelela, nangona sicinga ukuba i-Cyrillic alfabhethi yenziwa ngabafundi babazalwana, bahlala bencike emsebenzini wabo. Oku kubonakala ngakumbi kwiimeko zefowuni. Ii-alphabets zamandulo zeCyrillic zathatha isicatshulwa esicacileyo sazo zibonakaliso ezibhaliweyo ezazisenziwa ngabashumayeli.

Bobabini iicawa zaseNtshona naseMpuma ziyabona ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi eyenziwa nguCyril noMethodius. I-biography emfutshane yabantwana boKhanya kukwahlukileyo kwiincwadi zezifundo eziqhelekileyo kunye nolwimi lwesiRashiya.

Ehlabathini lethu ukususela ngo-1991, iholide yonyaka yonyaka igujwa, izinikele kubazalwana baseSolun. Kubizwa ngokuba yiSuku lweSlavic Inkcubeko nokuBhala, kwaye ikhona naseBelarus. EBulgaria, umyalelo wegama labo wasungulwa. UCyril noMethodius, amaqiniso anentshisekelo esuka kwii-biographies ezipapashwe kwii-monographs ezahlukahlukeneyo, isakhangisa abaphandi abatsha beelwimi kunye nembali.