Umthi Family iilwimi Indo yaseYurophu-: imizekelo, iilwimi, ingakumbi

isebe Indo yaseYurophu-lweelwimi yenye likhulu yaseYurophu iintsapho zolwimi. Kuye sinwenwile kwiinkulungwane 5 yokugqibela kuMntla nakuMzantsi Merika, eOstreliya nakwezinye iindawo eAfrika. iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-ukuya kwi Age of Discovery awuthimba kummandla East Turkistan, nto leyo ibekwe ngasempuma, ukuya entshona Ireland, eNdiya ngo elingasezantsi ukuya kwelingasentla yaseScandinavia. Amalungu entsapho kuquka ngeelwimi ezimalunga ne-140. ukuba Bebonke ezithethwa ngabantu malunga 2 billion (2007 uqikelelo). IsiNgesi uthatha indawo akhokelayo phakathi kwabo, inani abathwali.

Ixabiso lweelwimi Indo yaseYurophu-kwi Ezolimi othelekiso-zembali

Kuphuhliso lokwazi linvistiki yezembali indima ebalulekileyo ukuba phando iilwimi Indo yaseYurophu-. Inyaniso ukuba intsapho yazo ngomnye izazinzulu zokuqala abaye eziqatshelweyo ukujula okukhulu temporal. Njengomgaqo, kwinzululwazi kwezinye iintsapho kwagqitywa, ezijolise ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwi amava azuzwe kwi sifundo iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-.

Iindlela yothelekiso iilwimi

Iilwimi luthelekiswe nalo xa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Le typology yenye yeyona ixhaphakileyo kubo. Olu iintlobo isifundo iziganeko zolwimi, ngokunjalo ekufumanekeni ngokwesiseko imithetho jikelele ezikhoyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ngeke zemfuza. Ngamanye amazwi, besebenzisa lithe Wafunda iilwimi ngokwemiqathango lemvelaphi yabo. Indima ephambili kwizifundo athelekisekayo kufuneka adlale ngcamango yokuba nomini, kwakunye nendlela esizabelweyo.

Ukuhlelwa yemfuza iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-

Lo kwiwotshi zokwakheka phezu ezo zabelwe iintlobo iqela ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yakhe, sinako kuququzelela ezahlukahlukeneyo ngeelwimi, apho kukho malunga namawaka amathandathu. Chonga iipateni, singakwazi ukunciphisa yonke le iseti ukuba inani elincinane ngokwentelekiso iintsapho zolwimi. Iziphumo ezibangelwa Ukuhlelwa yemfuza zibalulekile nje kuphela Ezolimi; kodwa ukuba inani nezinye iinkalo ezinxulumeneyo. Zibalulekile ingakumbi ezizwe njengoko ukuvela kunye nokuphuhliswa kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo zihlobene ethnogenesis (ukuvela kunye nophuhliso kwamaqela eentlanga).

umthi Family iilwimi Indo-yaseYurophu kubonisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwazo luyenyuka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku luboniswe ngendlela yokuba umgama therebetween ukunyuka, nto leyo lulinganiselwa njengoko ubude emthini okanye neentolo.

Amasebe entsapho Indo European-

umthi Family iilwimi Indo yaseYurophu-kuye amasebe amaninzi. Kuyo ume ngaphandle njengeqela elikhulu nezenziwe ulwimi olunye kuphela. Nantsi ke. Le Modern Greek, iilwimi Indo-Iranian, Italic (kuquka isiLatin), ongumRoma, Celtic, esiJamani, Slavic, eBaltic, isiAlbania, isiArmenia, lia (umHeti-Lubian) kunye Tocharian. Oku kubandakanya, ukongeza, kukho inani icinyiwe, ezaziwa kuthi evela kwimithombo kokuncinane, ikakhulu isilungiseleli seglosi embalwa, imibhalo kunye namagama ndawo antroponimii ababhali aseByzantium nangesiRoma. Le Thracian, isiFrigiya, messapsky, Illyrian, drevnemakedonsky, iilwimi Venetic. Abakwazi niqiqile sezandleni omnye okanye kwelinye iqela (isebe). Mhlawumbi kufuneka yabelwe kumaqela ezizimeleyo (amasebe), olubalelwa kuba umthi ngokwemilibo iilwimi Indo yaseYurophu-. Izazinzulu bohlulwa kulo mba.

Kakade ke, kwakukho ngaphandle kwezo zidweliswe ngasentla, kunye nezinye iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-. isiphelo sabo ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zazo extinct ngokupheleleyo, abanye baye bashiya ngasemva imizila ezimbalwa Lexicon of the zeendawana kunye toponomastike. Kwazanywa ukubuyisa ezinye iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-kwezi tracks kumahlwempu. Le emifanekisweni edume kakhulu kolu hlobo ziquka ulwimi Cimmerian. Zokuthi washiya imizila iBaltic and Slavic. Kwakhona badumileyo na Pelagie, athethwa labemi pre-Greek of Greece yamandulo.

Pidgin

Ngexesha ukwandiswa iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zaseYurophu Indo-okuye kwenzeka kule nkulungwane idluleyo, kwi Romanesque kunye German kwasekwa ngokususela ngayo elitsha - Pidgin. Bona luphawulwa isichazi ngokupheleleyo olufinyeziweyo (th 1.5. Amagama okanye ngaphantsi) kunye igrama lula. Emva koko, abanye babo creolized, kunye nezinye intsimbi ophezulu-grade in esebenza kunye ngokwegrama. Ezi isiBislama, Tok Pisin, AmaKrio e Sierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea kunye Gambia; seshelva e Seychelles; Mauritius, saseHaiti Réunionnaise et al.

Ngokomzekelo, inkcazo emfutshane yentsapho yaseYurophu Indo-ezimbini ngeelwimi. Eyokuqala kuzo - Tajik.

Tajik

Lingcwaba lomfo usapho yaseYurophu Indo-, isebe Indo-Iranian kunye neqela Iranian. Nguye yimeko e Tajikistan, yande ngo-Central Asia. Kunye ulwimi Dari uncwadi namaqhalo Tajiks i Afghanistan, edibana ngayo kummandla wasempumalanga New Persian lwaso eziqhubekayo. Le ulwimi ingqalelo eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe Persian (mpuma). Sekunjalo ukuqonda kunokwenzeka phakathi kwabo basebenzisa ulwimi Tajik, kunye nabahlali Iran Persian abathetha.

Ossetian

Ku fanele ukuba kweelwimi Indo-zaseYurophu kwisebe Indo-Iranian yeqela Iranian kunye laseMelika mpuma. ulwimi Ossetian kuxhaphakile kuMzantsi nakuMntla Ossetia. Inani lilonke izithethi ngeenxa 450-500 amawaka. Man. Kwakukho imikhondo nabo yamandulo kunye Slavic, Turks and Finno-Ugric. ulwimi Ossetian has iziyelelane ezimbini: Iron and Digor.

Ukuwa isiseko ulwimi

Akukho kamva ngaphandle nkulungwane BC yesine. e. kwakukho kokuwa isiseko enye yaseYurophu Indo-. Esi siganeko kukhokelele ukuvela ezintsha ezininzi. Ngokomfanekiso, wasembewini yaqala ukukhula umthi ngokwemilibo iilwimi Indo yaseYurophu-. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ulwimi umHeti-Luwian ezahlulwe kuqala. Ukwabiwa kwexesha isebe Tocharian le ixakayo ngenxa yokunqaba lwe data.

Iinzame ukudibanisa amasebe ezahlukeneyo

ZaseYurophu Indo-iilwimi iquka amasebe amaninzi. Ayizizo zonke iinzame ukuhlanganisa kubo kunye nezinye ziye zenziwe. Ngokomzekelo, siya hypothesize ukuba Slavic kunye eBaltic iilwimi close ngokukhethekileyo. Kucingelwa ngokuphathelele Italic kunye Celtic. Eyona eyaziwa uthathwa ukuba umanyano iilwimi Iranian kunye Indo-Aryan, kunye Nuristani kunye Dard kwisebe Indo-Iranian. Kwezinye iimeko, Akwazi ukubuyisela ifomula uphawu Proto Indo-Iranian ngomlomo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba nokuxubana usapho ulwimi yaseYurophu Indo-. Kodwa hayi ncam ukuba okanye hayi ukwabela iilwimi zabo kwisebe eyahlukileyo. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo abantu eBaltic. Balto-lenqaba umanyano ebangela eninzi mlonyeni kule umbutho njengoko iilwimi yaseYurophu Indo-. Izizwe ayikwazi eziqhitsini kukhonjwe kwisebe elithile.

Ezinye yeengcinga, bonke sakhatywa yinzululwazi yale mihla. iimpawu ezahlukeneyo kuba sisiseko zokwahlulwa ichibi elikhulu njengoko iilwimi yaseYurophu Indo-. Abantu inaso ezithile iilwimi zalo baninzi. Ngoko ke, ukuba mabazihlele asinto ilula kakhulu. Redprinyaty baye iinzame ezahlukeneyo ukudala inkqubo ecacileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho iziphumo yaseYurophu Indo-ezingundoqo wenkxaso ezingoonombini zonke iilwimi beli qela bohlulwa fifty kunye satem. Ezi imibutho ezibizwa xa ku vangama ka la magama "ikhulu". Kwiilwimi satemnyh isandi esisekuqaleni we-PIE gama kubonakaliswe ngohlobo "sh"; "c", njalo njalo. N. Njengokuba kentumnyh, ukuba amagama "x", "ukuba" njalo-njalo. N.

comparativists kuqala

Ukuvela Ezolimi efanelekileyo zokuthelekisa yembali ibhekisa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye unxulunyaniswa igama Franz Bopp. Xa umsebenzi wakhe, yena lokuqala kwaba ubudlelwane iilwimi Indo yaseYurophu-lwezenzululwazi.

comparativists yokuqala ubuzwe baba baseJamani. It F. Bopp, J. Zeiss, J. Grimm kunye nabanye. Basondela kuqala ingqalelo yokuba nesiSanskriti (ulwimi yamandulo Indian) ifana kakhulu German. Bathi wabonisa ukuba ezinye iilwimi Iranian, Indian kunye aseYurophu eyodwa. Emva koko, abaphandi zidibene kwintsapho "Indo-esiJamani". Emva komzuzwana kwafunyaniswa ukuba kuvuselelwa Proto zibaluleke kakhulu njengoko Slavic kunye eBaltic. Ngoko ke, igama elitsha - i "iilwimi Indo yaseYurophu-."

Sinokholo Avgusta Shleyhera

Agasti Schleicher (photo ngasentla ibonisa oko) phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19, washwankathela ababengaphambi impumelelo comparativists. Wachaza kwama ngalinye lentsapho yaseYurophu Indo-, ingakumbi, imeko yawo yamandulo. Le Isazinzulu wacebisa ukusetyenziswa imigaqo eqhelekileyo ngokutsha yesiqalo-lwimi. Ukuchaneka yokwakha yayo, akabanga kwamathandabuzo. Schleicher ndabhala itekisi ulwimi Proto-Indo yaseYurophu-, ukusungulwa kubo. Le yintsomi "Izimvu kunye namahashe."

Ezolimi zothelekiso kwakheka ngenxa izifundo ezahlukeneyo iilwimi ezinxulumene, kwakunye neendlela zokwenza zibonisa ukuzalana labo kunye nokwakhiwa ngokutsha komthombo prayazykovogo karhulumente. Agasti Schleicher wothulelw ngenkqubo-oganogram zophuhliso lwabo njengoko yomlibo. Iqela Indo yaseYurophu-kweelwimi kubonakala ngexesha elifanayo le fomu ilandelayo: umgqomo - into eqhelekileyo izinyanya ulwimi, iqela iilwimi ezinxulumene ningamasebe. umthi Family yaba umfanekiso ocacileyo ulwalamano kude zivaleke. Ngaphezu koko, oko kuboniswe ubukho labhalwa ngokubanzi ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo (Baltic-Slavic - izinyanya iBaltic kunye Slavic, isiJamani kunye Slavic - ookhokho iBaltic, esiJamani kunye Slavic, njl ...).

Uphando lwakutshanje Quentin Atkinson

Kutshanje, kukho iqela ngezizwe zebhayoloji kunye iingcali zeelwimi bafumanisa ukuba iqela iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-nesuka eAnatolia (eTurkey).

Yaba yena, owathi, ngenxa yabo, yindawo ekuzalelwe kuyo amaqhawe eli qela. Uphando ekhokelwa Quentin Atkinson, eziphilayo ibekwe University New Zealand ngayo Auckland. Izazinzulu ziselwa ukuhlalutya iindlela ezahlukeneyo Indo-European iilwimi, ethe yasetyenziswa ukufunda ngendaleko iintlobo. Bona acazululwe isitokhwe iilwimi 103 isigama. Ukongeza, zahlola data kwi kuphuhliso lwabo lwembali kunye nokusasazwa eendawo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abaphengululi wenza esi sigqibo.

ingqalelo cognates

njani ezi izazinzulu bafunda njani iqela iilwimi Indo European-? Bona ingqalelo cognates. Le yingcambu efanayo ilizwi, leyo kufuneka isandi efanayo kunye imvelaphi eqhelekileyo iilwimi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Zisoloko amagama ngaphantsi abakhuselekanga utshintsho kwikhosi zazivelela (ebonisa ubudlelwane usapho, amagama amalungu omzimba kunye nezimelabizo). Izazinzulu kuthelekiswa inani cognates ngeelwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwagqitywa kangangoko kubudlelwane babo. Ngenxa yoko, cognates ziye ufaniswa yemfuza, kunye yemfuza - iiyantlukwano cognates.

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo yembali kunye idatha yendawo

Oosonzululwazi koko abhenele data yembali kwixesha xa okusolwayo yenyama iilwimi divergence. Ngokomzekelo, kuqikelelwa ukuba kulo nyaka-270 ukusuka kwisiLatini baqalisa ukwahlula iilwimi Romance. Yaba ngeli xesha, uMlawuli Aurelian wagqiba ukuba lirhoxe kwiphondo bezithanga Dacia baseRoma. Ukongeza, abaphengululi basebenzisa data kunikezo yangoku geographical iilwimi ezahlukeneyo.

iziphumo zophononongo

Emva ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi olufunyenwe yasekwa umthi yokuzivelela esekelwe yeengcinga zimbini zilandelayo: Barrow kunye lia. Abaphandi wathelekisa umthi ezimbini onesiphumo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba "lia" ngokwemiqathango manani yeyona ezinokwenzeka.

asebenza edidayo kakhulu yaba yokusabela kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe qela Atkinson. Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bakhomba ukuba uthelekiso kunye kwemvelo kolwimi alwamkelekanga, ngenxa yokuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ezinye izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba lilungisa ukusetyenziswa kobuchule ezinjalo. Nangona kunjalo, eli qela yagxekwa ngenxa yokuba engazange kuhlolwe hypothesis wesithathu, Balkan.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umhla, hypothesis engundoqo imvelaphi iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-le lia kunye ndunduma. Ngokutsho yokuqala, eyona ethandwa phakathi mbali kunye iingcali zeelwimi, kakhokho wabo - emaqeleni Sea Black. Ezinye yeengcinga, lia kunye Balkan lubonisa ukuba iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-isasazeka ukusuka eAnatolia (kwimeko lokuqala) okanye i-Balkan Peninsula (elinesibini).